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Chapter_33_Allergic_Disorders_MedSurg.pptx

Hello everyone, welcome to my presentation on Chapter 33: Allergic Disorders from Medical-Surgical Nursing. In this discussion, weu2019ll explore the different types of hypersensitivity reactions, the most common allergic conditions such as rhinitis, asthma, dermatitis, and anaphylaxis, and how these impact patient care. Weu2019ll also cover key aspects of assessment, diagnostic tests, medical and surgical management, and most importantly, the nursing priorities in managing patients with allergic disorders.

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Chapter_33_Allergic_Disorders_MedSurg.pptx

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 33: Assessment and Management of Patients with Allergic Disorders • Medical-Surgical Nursing • Presented by: Daise Jean Meomeo

  2. Learning Objectives • - Define allergy and hypersensitivity. • - Describe the immune response in allergic reactions. • - Identify types of hypersensitivity. • - Discuss nursing assessment and interventions. • - Explore pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management.

  3. Introduction to Allergic Disorders • - Hypersensitivity: Exaggerated immune response • - Common allergens: Pollen, food, latex, drugs, insect stings • - May be localized or systemic

  4. Pathophysiology of Allergic Reactions • - Antigen exposure → IgE antibodies → Mast cells • - Histamine release → vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, increased mucus

  5. Types of Hypersensitivity (Gell & Coombs Classification) • 1. Type I: Immediate/Anaphylactic – IgE-mediated (e.g., asthma, anaphylaxis) • 2. Type II: Cytotoxic – IgG/IgM (e.g., transfusion reaction) • 3. Type III: Immune complex (e.g., lupus) • 4. Type IV: Delayed – T-cell mediated (e.g., contact dermatitis)

  6. Clinical Manifestations • - Mild: Sneezing, itching, watery eyes • - Moderate: Edema, hives, difficulty breathing • - Severe: Anaphylaxis → hypotension, airway obstruction, shock

  7. Diagnostic Tests • - Skin testing (prick/intradermal) • - Serum IgE levels • - CBC with differential (↑ eosinophils) • - RAST test (Radioallergosorbent test)

  8. Management Overview • - Avoidance of allergens • - Pharmacologic management: • • Antihistamines • • Corticosteroids • • Decongestants • • Epinephrine (for anaphylaxis) • - Immunotherapy (allergy shots)

  9. Anaphylaxis Management • - IM epinephrine (0.3–0.5 mg for adults) • - Airway support (O2, intubation) • - IV fluids, antihistamines, corticosteroids • - Emergency response plan

  10. Nursing Assessment • - Detailed allergy history • - Physical exam (skin, respiratory, cardiovascular) • - Monitoring for signs of anaphylaxis • - Patient’s environment and exposures

  11. Nursing Interventions • - Ensure patent airway • - Administer medications promptly • - Educate on EpiPen use • - Teach avoidance strategies • - Emotional support

  12. Patient Education • - Recognizing early signs of allergic reaction • - How to use antihistamines and EpiPen • - When to seek emergency care • - Allergy bracelet or ID card

  13. Case Study / Scenario (Optional) • A 28-year-old with known peanut allergy eats a cookie and develops facial swelling and wheezing… • • What are your priority nursing interventions? • • What medication should be administered immediately? • • What education should follow this event?

  14. Summary • - Allergies involve abnormal immune response • - Quick identification and response is critical • - Nurses play key roles in education and emergency care

  15. References • Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2022). *Brunner & Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing* (15th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

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