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Sept 11.

Understanding. Sept 11. Supercourse A project designed to create a free lecture library of PowerPoint prevention slides, 9212 Academic Faculty from 120 countries with over 800 available Free Powerpoint Lectures. http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/. Terrorism. What is it? Where does it come from?

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Sept 11.

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  1. Understanding Sept 11.

  2. Supercourse A project designed to create a free lecture library of PowerPoint prevention slides, 9212 Academic Faculty from 120 countries with over 800 available Free Powerpoint Lectures http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/

  3. Terrorism What is it? Where does it come from? Why is it used? What do we fear about Terrorism?

  4. FALLOUT SHELTER

  5. Terrorism • Is an unlawful act of violence • Intimidates governments or societies • Goal is to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives

  6. “Putting the horror in the minds of the audience, and not necessarily on the screen” “…warfare seeks to conquer territories and capture cities; terrorism seeks to hurt a few people and to scare a lot of people in order to make a point”NYTimes, 1/6/2000

  7. Educational Deterence Fear always springs from ignorance. Emerson, 1837

  8. Early History of Terrorism • Terror has been used to achieve political ends and has a long history • As early as 66 – 72 A.D. Resistance to Roman occupation, terrorists killed Roman soldiers and destroyed Roman property. • Terror was used to resist occupation.

  9. Early History of Terrorism • Suicidalmartyrdom represented being killed by invaders which resulted in rewards in heaven. It dates back thousands of years in most societies and religions. • Terrorism against the enemy is often viewed as a religious act.

  10. Modern History of Terrorism • The term “terrorism” was coined in the French Revolution’s Reign of Terror (1793 – 1794). . • This was the birth of Government-Sponsored Terrorism • Goal: of State terrorism was to eliminate opposition, consolidate power, e.g., the Vanished in Argentina

  11. Modern History of Terrorism • Anarchists were seen in the late 19th century • Individual terrorism • The use of selective terror against an individual in order to bring down a government, e.g. Lincoln assassination • Propaganda by deeds …terrorists acts • Terrorism became tool of communication, propaganda • An act of terrorism could rapidly spread a message world wide, e.g. the Kennedy killing

  12. Modern History of Terrorism: • Middle 20th century, terrorism became a tool to end colonialism especially in Africa. • The last 20 years of of the 20th century brought religious based terrorism in Northern Ireland, the Middle East, East Timor and many other places.

  13. Modern History of Terrorism • Terrorism is Asymmetric Warfare. • Asymmetric warfare is the use of apparently random/unpredictable violence by an weak military against a stronger military to gain advantage. (Allen, 1997). • The key of Asymmetric warfare is using using unexpected, unconventional tactics in combat (Craig, 1998).

  14. Terrorism conclusions • Terrorism is an ancienttactic. • Terrorism is a mode of communication. • Terrorism is a special type of violence and Asymmetrical warfare. • Terrorism is used in times of peace, conflicts and war. • Terrorism is designed to make a point, through psychological means, fear. • Terrorism is a political act.

  15. Anatomy of a Terrorist Attack Terrorism takes much Time and planning Preparation 5 years Execution 1 day Diagnosed case 3 days First Death Multiple deaths

  16. Types of Terrorism • Domestic terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of our government without foreign involvement. Oklahoma City is a primary example. • International terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside the United States. Sept. 11 is an example of International Terrorism.

  17. Methods of Terrorism • Nuclear Weapon • Biological Agents • Chemical Agents • Explosive and Incendiary Devices

  18. Nuclear Terrorism Spreading of radioactive materials through ventilation system or explosion Disable nuclear reactor cooling system and cause leakage of radioactive materials Detonate a nuclear weapon

  19. Biological terrorism • Dispersal of microbes or their toxins to produce illness, death and terror • The paths of infection can be contaminated water, food, air and packages. • Microbes • Bacteria • Viruses • Toxins Phillip L. Coule, M.D.

  20. Is this something new? • 14th Century – Kaffa • City on Crimean Peninsula • Hurled plague infested corpses over walls of city to infest it Phillip L. Coule, M.D.

  21. Is this something new? • 18th Century French and Indian War • British Officers gave blankets from smallpox victims to Indians aligned with French • Caused an epidemic in tribes • Effective means of incapacitating group Phillip L. Coule, M.D.

  22. Motives for bioterrorism

  23. Responses to Bioterrorism • Emergency measures to save lives • Early detection of active and potential cases • Prevention and management of secondary contamination

  24. Chemical Agents • Chemical agents kill or incapacitate people, destroy livestock or ravage crops • Some agents are odorless and tasteless • They can have an immediate or a delayed effect

  25. Example of Chemical Terrorism • Sarin nerve agent attacked the Tokyo subway system in March 20, 1995 • 12 people were killed and 53 were seriously injured www.jal.co.jp/information/ branch/index-e.html

  26. Example of Explosion Terrorism From Emergency Net NEWS Archives, 1994 Document Courtesy of the U.S. Postal Inspector's Office

  27. In an Emergency • IF you believe that you have been exposed to a biological or chemical agent please your teacher, or parents who will contact local health departments and / or your local police or other law enforcement agency

  28. Proportion of death from terrorism in total death in the United States

  29. Risk of Dying

  30. Why did terrorism draw considerable attention in 2001? • No evidence that terrorism is increasing • The risk of dying from terrorism was extremely low in 1990’s, and was still relatively low compared with some diseases in 2001 • But the risk increased by 500 times in 2001 due to Sept. 11 • Overall the risk of terrorism has not been high • Despite the low risk, shock, surprise and fear engulfed our country and world

  31. Conclusion • Terrorism is unlawful act • Terrorism has a long history of been used to achieve political, religious and ideological objectives • Terrorism can be conducted through nuclear, biological, chemical agents and explosive devices • The risk of dying from terrorism is much lower than that from motor vehicles, smoking, and alcoholic beverage.

  32. The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.FDR, 1937 Fears are educated into us & can, if we wish, be educated out. — Karl A. Menninger

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