1. CDA 3101 Summer 2007Introduction to Computer Organization Technology Trends Digital Logic 101 17 May 2007 Mark Schmalz http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~mssz/CompOrg/Top-Level.html

2. Review (Last Class) • Five components of the computer • Principle of Abstraction to build systems as layers • Pliable Data: a program determines what it is • Stored program concept: instructions are just data • Principle of Locality: memory hierarchy • Greater performance by exploiting parallelism • Compilation vs. interpretation • Principles/Pitfalls of Performance Measurement

3. Overview (Today’s Class) • Computer generations • Technology  applications synergism • Technology trends • Hardware • Software • Moore’s law • Basics of Digital Logic • Operations • Truth Tables

4. Computer Generations • Gen-0: Mechanical computers (BC to early 1940s) • Gen-1: Vacuum Tubes (1943-1959) • Gen-2: Transistors (1960-1968) • John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley • Gen-3: Integrated Circuits (1969-1977) • Jack Kilby (1958) • Gen-4: VLSI (1978-present) • Gen-5: Optical? Quantum?

5. Digital Computer Milestones

6. Technology Trends • Technology  application synergism (virtuous circle) • Intel’s nightmare: Fast CPUs, lack of application demands • Current application demands • E-commerce servers • Database servers • Engineering workstations • Ubiquitous mobile computing • Technologies • Compilers • Silicon • Silicon Valley or Iron Oxide Valley ?? ISA and computer organization

7. IC Manufacturing Cost = f(area4)

8. Hardware Technology Trends • Processor • 2X in speed every 1.5 years 100X performance in last decade • Memory • DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years; 64X size in last decade • Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year • Disk • capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years • Cost per bit: improves about 100% per year • 120X size in last decade • New units!Mega (106) Giga (109) Tera (1012)

9. Memory Capacity • Year Size(Mbit) • 1980 0.0625 • 1983 0.25 • 1986 1 • 1989 4 • 1992 16 • 1996 64 • 256 • 2005 512 Size (bits) 1000000000 100000000 10000000 1000000 100000 10000 1000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year

10. Processor Capacity Moore’s Law (1965): 2X transistors/Chip Every 1.5 years All processors 100000000 Alpha 21264: 15 million Pentium Pro: 5.5 million PowerPC 620: 6.9 million Alpha 21164: 9.3 million Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million 10000000 Moore’s Law Pentium i80486 1000000 Transistors i80386 i80286 100000 i8086 10000 i8080 i4004 1000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year

11. Processor Capacity Moore’s Law (1965): 2X transistors/Chip Every 1.5 years Intel processors

12. Processor Performance (1990s) SPEC 92 1.54X/yr

13. Processor Clock Rate Why does this real difference exist if the Intel and AMD processors do the same work?

14. A View of IC Manufacturing Cost = f(area4)

15. Intel Processor Chip Layout • Pentium Pro • 306 mm2 • 5.5 M transistors • Itanium (EPIC/IA-64) • ILP: 20 instructions • Compiler support • Massive hardware resources • 2 Floating Point Units • 4 Integer Units • 3 Branch Units • Internet Streaming SIMD • 128 FP registers • 128 integer registers

16. Selected Intel CPUs Pentium III – 800 MHz, 4GB Memory Pentium 4 – 2+GHz, 4GB Memory Itanium – 4+ GHz, > 4GB Memory

17. Physical Limits on Moore’s Law  • Limits imposed by insulator thickness (2-3nm) • Quantum tunneling effects => crosstalk • How much smaller? (0.2micron / 2nm = 100x) • How much faster? Speed = k x Area • -- 3 to 4 orders of magnitude faster (103- 104) • -- 1.3GHz now => 5 THz to 10 THz • When?(13-17 years from now…)

18. Physical Limits on Moore’s Law (Frank, 2002)

19. Will the Computer World End? • No, but things will get more interesting… • Opportunities • -- Make faster processors, algorithms using current technology • -- Increase bandwidth of buses that supply data to processors • -- Find more compact ways to encode data while it is being processed

20. Solutions (?) for Moore’s Law • Quantum Computing  • -- Different paradigm – all results at once • -- How to find “correct” result? • -- Implementation: Optics? Silicon? ??? • Highly Experimental Technologies • -- DNA Computing (Pattern Matching) • -- Reversible Computing (Low Power) • -- Compressive Computation ( FAST )

21. Tech Summary • Incredible improvements in processor, memory and communication • Technology  application synergism • Technologies • Compiler • Silicon • Computer organization takes advantage of technology advances • Will Moore’s law last forever?  / 

22. New Topic – Digital Logic 101 • Digital logic – its place in CDA3101 • Boolean Operations • Transistors and Digital Logic • Basic gates – and, or, not • -- Transistor implementations • -- Truth tables

23. Digital Logic in CDA 3101 Application (Netscape) Operating Software Compiler System (Windows 98) CDA 3101 Assembler Instruction Set Architecture Datapath & Control Memory I/O System Digital Logic Hardware Circuit Design Transistors

24. Boolean Operations 1 if A is 0 0 if A is 1 • 0 & 1: the only values for variables and functions B = {0,1} called Boolean numbers • The NOT function: f (A) = • Truth tables • Completely define a Boolean function • n variables => 2n entries in the truth table • Up to 16 Boolean functions of two variables • Shorthand: specify only entries with nonzero outputs

25. Transistors & Digital Logic Gate Symbol Truth Table (functional behavior) NOT gate (Inverter)

26. NAND Gate

27. NOR Gate

28. AND & OR Gates

29. Integrated Circuits

30. Conclusions • Technology development • Computer organization takes advantage of technology advances • Digital Logic & Boolean Numbers • Basic logic gates w/ Implementation • Concept of truth table • Next time: Boolean Algebra • Complex logic & circuits