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GRAPHOLOGY ENG 502 – Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics Discussant: Maria Karla S. Sepcon
Graphology /ɡrəˈfäləjē/ Noun 1. the study of handwriting, for example as used to infer a person's character LINGUISTICS 2. the study of written and printed symbols and of writing systems
Graphemics • is a branch of linguistics that studies writing and print as systems of signs • it deals with the customary ways we transcribe spoken language • Graphemics is also known as graphology, though it shouldn't be confused with the study of handwriting as a means of analyzing character.
WRITING The word ‘writing’ has three related but distinct meanings : 1. System or characters 2. Penmanship or handwriting 3. Composition
WRITING • Writing is the symbolic representation of language in storable graphic form. • It is a comparatively recent cultural development, having occurred over the past five thousand years. • We are uncertain where speech began, but we know that writing originated only in certain areas of the world. Full writing systems may be defined as collections of arbitrary signs that can represent all the words of the language to which they are applied. Writing includes both picture writing, also know as pictography and ideographs.
WRITING Full writing-systems appear to have been invented independently at least four times in human history: 1. In Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) where cuneiform was used between 3400 and 3300 BC
WRITING Full writing-systems appear to have been invented independently at least four times in human history: 2. Shortly afterwards in Egypt at around 3200 BC
WRITING Full writing-systems appear to have been invented independently at least four times in human history: 3. By 1300 BC we have evidence of a fully operational writing system in late Shang-dynasty China
WRITING Chinese Characters There are over 50,000 of them. A comprehensive modern dictionary will rarely list over 20,000 in use. An educated Chinese will know about 8,000 characters. But you will only need about 2- 3,000 to be able to read a newspaper.
WRITING Full writing-systems appear to have been invented independently at least four times in human history: 4. Writing also appears in the cultures of Mesoamerica (500 bce - 1000 ce)
WRITING * There are also several places such as the Indus River valley and Rapa Nui (Easter Island) where writing may have been invented, but it remains undeciphered.
WRITING • All writing can be grouped into two basic types, called logographic and phonographic (depending on the technique of linguistic representation they use).
WRITING SYSTEMS • All writing can be grouped into two basic types, called logographic and phonographic (depending on the technique of linguistic representation they use).
WRITING SYSTEMS • All writing can be grouped into two basic types, called logographic and phonographic (depending on the technique of linguistic representation they use). Logographic Writing • The term logographic refers to a type of writing in which symbols represent morphemes or entire words. * base or root • Logographic writing is the oldest type of genuine writing. • Ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform inscriptions, Egyptian hieroglyphics, and primordial Chinese characters were all highly logographic in their early stages.
WRITING SYSTEMS • All writing can be grouped into two basic types, called logographic and phonographic (depending on the technique of linguistic representation they use). Logographic Writing • All writing systems maintain some logographic symbols. • Conventional abbreviations such as &, %, $, and the like are logographic, as are the symbols for numerals. • To a certain extent, logographic writing can be read independently of its language of origin. • For instance, the Arabic numbers 1, 2, 7, 10 and so on can be read in any language.
WRITING SYSTEMS • All writing can be grouped into two basic types, called logographic and phonographic (depending on the technique of linguistic representation they use). • It must be noted that a logographic writing system, like a pictographic one is nonarbitrary. • There is nearly a one – to - one correlation between signifier (character) and signified (object, attitude or idea). * Arbitrary- choice made without any specific criterion or restraint
WRITING SYSTEMS • All writing can be grouped into two basic types, called logographic and phonographic (depending on the technique of linguistic representation they use). Phonographic • No writing system is purely logographic. • Throughout human history, writing systems have always evolved signs that represent some aspects of pronunciation. • In phonographic writing (from Greek phonos ‘sound’), the symbols represent syllables or segments.
WRITING SYSTEMS • All writing can be grouped into two basic types, called logographic and phonographic (depending on the technique of linguistic representation they use). Syllabic - consisting of or relating to syllables * Syllables - a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. Phonemic – relating or having a characteristics of a phoneme. * Phoneme - a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language. Phonographic • In phonographic writing, each sign represents a phonetic or phonological element with no reference to meaning. • Phonographic writing systems may be syllabic or phonemic, according to whether each sign represents a syllable or a phoneme.
WRITING SYSTEMS • One of the standard examples of syllabic writing is Japanese Kana, which actually represents two different scripts: 1. Hiragana 2. Katakana * With the same underlying principles for interpretation, each sign for both corresponds to a syllable. Hiragana (blue) and Katakana (green)
WRITING SYSTEMS • Korean Hangul writing is a much better example of a phonographic writing system. • It is usually possible to know the written form of a Korean word on the basis of its pronunciation, and it is as good as always possible to know the pronunciation of a Korean word on the basis of its written form. 마할 키타 Mahal kita 사랑해 saranghae • Each sign in the Korean writing system represents a phoneme. a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language
Grapheme /ˈɡrafēm/ Noun • is a written symbol that represents a sound (phoneme). This can be a single letter, or could be a sequence of letters, such as ai, sh, igh, tch etc. So when a child says the sound /t/ this is a phoneme, but when they write the letter 't' this is a grapheme. • •
THE HISTORY OF WRITING • Writing systems emerged and spread around the earth over a long period of time. • Though we can trace the spread of some systems over a wide area, writing may have emerged independently in several different places. • Writing developed in historically recorded stages. • The earliest of which involves direct representation of objects and which is sometimes called prewriting.
Takeaways • One of humanity’s considered most substantial intellectual accomplishments is the development of writing. • Giving significance to pictograms, and logograms, the graphic representation of language has progressed through syllabic writing to the alphabet that we use today. • This was made possible through the creation of a connection between graphic symbols and sounds.
Graphology is the look into what a person’s natural handwriting says about their character, temperament, and abilities. *Not the penmanship you are told to trace, or any forced way of writing in the moment of testing. Handwriting - a person's particular style of writing ; writing with a pen or pencil ; writing done by hand especially ; the form of writing to a particular person Penmanship - the art or skill of writing by hand ; the ability to write neatly, or the activity of learning to do this
In its earlier roots, graphology pointed out the merely clear and obvious. • If your handwriting was clean and legible, you were a tidy person. • On the opposing side, if your page was smudged with ink and your letters flew off the lines, you were more carefree. * Over the years, graphology has turned into something so specific; it could be compared to fortune telling for your present self.
* Write a statement or a question about anything you feel like writing this morning. Then sign below. Ex: Are you ready to receive your blessings today? Well, we should claim them now. Cursive. Print. Emoticon. Punctuation. CHARACTER BASED ON HANDWRITING
• Big, outgoing personalities tend to write in large letters Shy, introverted types prefer to write small If you have average-sized writing, it demonstrates a strong ability to focus and concentrate • People who leave large spaces between their words enjoy freedom and independence Those who squeeze their words together tend to like the company of others If your words are totally jammed together, you might be intrusive or have the tendency to crowd people • A very heavy pen pressure can suggest tension and anger A moderately heavy pressure is a sign of commitment A soft pressure means you’re empathetic and sensitive; you might also lack vitality, according to one National Pen Company study • • • • • •
How quickly do you write? How legible is your signature? Which way does your handwriting slant? • A right slant means you like to meet and work with new people A left slant means you prefer to keep to yourself; left slanters also tend to be reserved and introspective • If you write quickly, it’s highly likely that you’re impatient and dislike wasting time If you take your time getting your words down, you are self-reliant and methodical • A legible signature is a sign of confidence and comfort in one’s own skin An illegible signature is the mark of a private or hard-to-read person • • • * If the slant of your writing (or any other feature of your handwriting) changes dramatically over the course of a piece of writing, there’s a good chance you’re lying, according to handwriting analysis experts.
Are your letters pointed or rounded? • Pointed letters are a sign of an intelligent person who might be holding back aggression • Rounded letters signal creativity and artistic ability You might have a big head if… • If you write the letter ‘I’ (as a pronoun) much larger than any other capital letter, you might be arrogant
How do you cross your “t”? • If you cap off your “t’s” with a long cross, you’re likely determined and enthusiastic, possibly with stubborn tendencies • If you use a short cross, however, it could be because you’re lazy • If you cross you lowercase “t’s” up high, you likely have many goals and aim high • If you cross them low, it could mean it’s time to raise the bar for yourself; low crossers tend to aim low as well How do you loop your lowercase “l”? • A widely looped “l” suggests you’re relaxed and spontaneous • A narrow or retraced “l” means you might be restricting yourself
What do your “y” hooks look like? • • A broad loop means you’ve got a large circle of friends A slender loop suggests you’re more selective with whom you allow close to you A short hook means you’re a homebody A long hook could be a signal of wanderlust • • How do you dot your “i”? • If you dot your “i’s” high on the page, you likely have an active imagination, according to handwriting analysis experts A closely dotted “i” is the mark of an organized and detail-oriented mind If you dot your “i’s” to the left, you might be a procrastinator And if you dot your “i’s” with a circle, you likely have playful and childlike qualities • • •
Are your o’s open or closed? • If your o’s are usually closed, you probably tend to keep to yourself and are more introverted • If your o’s are usually open, there’s a good chance you’re more social and extroverted How do you write your e’s? • If they’re usually narrow you’re probably skeptical and uninfluenced by emotions • If you find that your e’s are usually large, you might be more open-minded and willing to try new things
How often do you use punctuation? • If you use excessive punctuation, like several exclamations points or periods, you might be an emotional person • Excessive punctuation use might also be a sign that you have a slightly obsessive personality Are your letters connected or disconnected? • If you connect your letters when you’re writing, it might mean you’re very logical and most of your decisions are based on facts and experience • If your letters are disconnected, you might be more imaginative, impulsive, and base your decisions on intuition
Graphology is an “observational science”. That means there is no cold, hard, evidence that describes the 99.9% accuracy of the results, nor is there a guarantee that every person behaves the same way as their script says they do. “There is definitely a possibility that a con-man could look into comfortably writing like a different personality type to escape detection, should he see choose to.”
However, that is not to say that the analysis of handwriting is completely baseless. • Graphology has been based on the findings of scientists who test countless participants until there seems to be a correlation between those who have proven the personality attributes as valid, and specific penmanship styles. • The individualistic writing and traits are compared and contrasted to alter and narrow down personality characteristics until there is a clear and specific (as possible) stereotype.
References https://www.newcollege.utoronto.ca/student-blog/exposing-your-best-kept-secrets-graphology-science- fact-or-myth/ https://www.handwriting-graphology.com/handwriting-analysis-chart/ https://www.rd.com/list/handwriting-analysis/ https://www.bl.uk/history-of-writing/articles/where-did-writing- begin#:~:text=Full%20writing%2Dsystems%20appear%20to,Egypt%20at%20around%203200%20BC. https://studylib.net/doc/9609683/writing-systems https://www.researchgate.net/figure/1-Types-of-contact-between-writing-systems_tbl1_264733229 https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/ikos/EXFAC03-AAS/h05/larestoff/linguistics/Chapter%208.(H05).pdf https://omniglot.com/conscripts/phonographics.php https://www.theschoolrun.com/what-grapheme https://studylib.net/doc/9609683/writing-systems https://www.123helpme.com/essay/What-is-a-Full-Writing-System- 97404#:~:text=Full%20writing%20systems%20may%20be,to%20which%20they%20are%20applied.&text=Writ ing%20includes%20both%20picture%20writing%2C%20also%20know%20as%20pictography%20and%20ide ographs.
