1. Cinzia PERRINO C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Montelibretti (Rome) PM assessment report – part B Contribution of Italy

2. MONTELIBRETTI semi-rural station VITERBO urban station FONTECHIARI regional background station ROMA VILLA ADA urban background station ROMA MONTEZEMOLO traffic station LATINA urban station C. Perrino C.N.R. Istituto sull’Inquinamento Atmosferico – Montelibretti (Roma) “Fine Dust” 2004 - 2005 A research project funded by the Lazio Region

3. C. Perrino C.N.R. Istituto sull’Inquinamento Atmosferico – Montelibretti (Roma) Chemical analysis of macrocomponents • Only a few components constitutes more than 1% of PM: • A few metals: Al, Si, Fe • The main anions: Cl-, NO3-, SO4=, CO3- • The main cations: Na, NH4+, K+, Mg++, Ca++ • Elemental carbon • Organic material (20-60% of PM but hundreds of species)

4. Quartz filter Teflon filter Crustal metals C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution – Rome (ITALY) PM10 PM2.5 Organic carbon Elemental carbon Termo-optical analyser ED-XRF Extraction Trace metals ICP Ion chromatography Anions and cations

5. C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution – Rome (ITALY) MASS CONCENTRATION OF PM10 IN MONTELIBRETTI (ROME) MEASURED BY THE DUST MONITOR (blue) AND RECONSTRUCTED BY THE CHEMICAL ANALYSES (red)

6. C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution – Rome (ITALY)

7. C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution – Rome (ITALY) Average % composition of PM10 in the Central Italy

8. C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution – Rome (ITALY) Average % composition of PM2.5 in the Lazio region

9. C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution – Rome (ITALY) PM10 PM2.5 Secondary pollutants are homogeneously distributed at least on a regional scale. PM10-2.5

10. C. Perrino C.N.R. Istituto sull’Inquinamento Atmosferico – Montelibretti (Roma)

11. C. Perrino C.N.R. Istituto sull’Inquinamento Atmosferico – Montelibretti (Roma)

12. PM10 concentration lower than 35 mg/m3 C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution – Rome (ITALY) PM10 concentration higher than 65 mg/m3 PM composition during polluted days is very close to PM composition during clean days with the exception of days characterised by important natural events

13. C. Perrino C.N.R. Istituto sull’Inquinamento Atmosferico – Montelibretti (Roma) MONTHLY AVERAGE OF PM10 (2004) African dust event February 2004: On February 22nd, 900 ug/m3 hourly average PM10

14. C. Perrino C.N.R. Istituto sull’Inquinamento Atmosferico – Montelibretti (Roma) AFRICAN DUST OUTBREAK - JUNE 2006 MONTELIBRETTI – PM10

15. C. Perrino C.N.R. Istituto sull’Inquinamento Atmosferico – Montelibretti (Roma) The concentration of primary anthropogenic pollutants depends on the proximity to the emission sources The concentration of secondary anthropogenic pollutants is homogeneous on a regional scale The concentration variations of both mainly depend on the dispersion capacity of the lower atmosphere Northern Italy is affected by more frequent stagnant condition Southern Italy is more often affected by Saharan dust intrusions