LESSON-2
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Lesson 2 Anthropological and Sociological Perspectives on Culture and Society Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
LEARNING TARGETS At the end of this unit, you should be able to do the following: • Explain anthropological and sociological perspectives on culture and society. • Describe society and culture as a complex whole. • Identify aspects of culture and society. • Raise questions toward a holistic appreciation of cultures and societies.
UNIT STIMULUS My Culture, My Society
Anthropology and Sociology Anthropology Sociology
Defining Society Society is the collection of individuals held together by sustained interaction and enduring relationships. People in a society share some degree of common culture.
Defining Culture “Culture is that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society.” – E.B. Tylor
Types of Culture Nonmaterial Culture Material Culture
Types of Culture are intangible forms, such as value systems, mores, and laws. are tangible objects significant to the society. Nonmaterial Culture Material Culture
Theories on Society Structural Functionalism Symbolic Interactionism Conflict Theories
Structural Functionalism This theory focuses on the interrelated parts of society and their important functions to achieve order and balance. Manifest Functions intended outcome of social activity Latent Functions unintended effects of social activity
Conflict Theories Conflict theories believe that social order is maintained through the domination of one group over another. Critical theory, an approach associated with conflict theory, focuses on critiquing society and culture to liberate people. Karl Marx
Symbolic Interactionism • Symbolic interactionism explains how people, as members of society, interact, make sense of their world, and attach meaning to it by using symbols. • The interpretive approach studies the meanings that individuals create in their social interactions.
Culture as Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptive Dynamism and flexibility are two characteristics of culture. Culture changes as time passes, though it does so slowly.
Culture as Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptive Cultural Lag
Culture as Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptive Adapt Instead of changing our biological characteristics, we adapt to changes in our environment through culture.
Subgroups With Their Own Culture Counterculture Subculture
Transmission of Culture through Socialization Culture can be acquired through socialization and enculturation.
Agents of Socialization Agents of socialization teach members of society how to act or behave properly.
Agents of Socialization Young individuals who did not undergo socialization are calledferal children.
Agents of Socialization Religion Mass media Peers
Transmission of Culture through Socialization Learning the culture of another society is called acculturation.
Agents of Socialization Educational institutions Family
LET’S PUT IT THIS WAY Proud or Embarrassed?
UNIT STIMULUS Have you ever experienced discrimination because of your ethnicity, color, or religion?
The Concept of Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is the tendency to believe that one’s culture is superior or above other cultures. In short, it considers one’s own culture as the center of everything.
The Concept of Ethnocentrism White Man’s Burden is a belief that the whites have the duty to save the nonwhites from being savage and uncivilized. This was used by the white colonizers to justify colonization.
The Concept of Xenocentrism Xenocentrism was coined by Donald P. Kent and Robert G. Burnight, American sociologists, in their 1952 paper “Group Centrism in Complex Societies.” Xenocentric people look at other culture as better than one’s own. This results in feelings of inferiority.
PERSPECTIVE-AT-WORK Filipinos’ concept of beauty has something to do with being white.
A Different Perspective: Cultural Relativism Franz Boas, a German-American anthropologist, introduced the concept of cultural relativism. It suggests that a specific culture should only be viewed in the context of its own cultural standards. In a way, every culture is unique and equal; therefore, each should be respected.
Characteristics of Culture Culture is social because it is the product of behavior Culture varies from society to society Culture is shared Culture is learned Culture is transmitted among members of society Culture is continuous and cumulative Culture is gratifying and idealistic
Functions of Culture Culture defines the situation Culture defines attitudes, values, and goals Culture defines myths, legends, and the supernatural Culture provides behavior patterns
REFERENCES Cristobal, Jennifer. “Stories in Stone: The Cultural Legacy of Manila’s Oldest Cemeteries.” Bluprint. October 26, 2020. https://bluprint.onemega.com/stories-in-stone-the-cultural-legacy-of-manilas-oldest-cemeteries/. De Leon, Jay Israel B. “Si Ernesto Constantino at ang Wikang Filipino: Intelektuwal na Talambuhay ng isang Haligi ng Lingguwistika at Pagpaplanong Pangwika sa Pilipinas/ Ernesto Constantino and the Filipino Language: Intellectual Biography of a Pillar of Linguistics and Language Planning in the Philippines.” Malay 33, no. 1 (2020). https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/research/journals/malay/tomo-33/1/1-de-leon.pdf. De Leon, Rowin Cerca. “A Qualitative Description of Filipino Junior High School Students’ National Pride.” Asia Pacific Higher Education Research Journal 7, no. 2 (2020). https://po.pnuresearchportal.org/ejournal/index.php/apherj/article/view/1662. López-Martínez, Gabriel, and Klaus Schriewer. “Challenges in the Valorization of the Funerary Heritage; Experiences in the Municipal Cemetery of Murcia (Spain).” Heritage 5, no. 1 (2022): 129–44. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5010007. Official Gazette. ”A History of the Philippine Political Protest.” GovPH. Accessed November 5, 2022. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/edsa/the-ph-protest/.