History of the Region Through 1800

1. History of the Region Through 1800 Guiding Question How did Western Europe change from a land controlled by loose-knit tribes to a region of monarch- ruled nations? • Western Europeans • Not the first Europeans to begin farming • Rich soil • Moderate climate • Moved to the region Beginnings Early people • Hunter gatherers Over time people • Practiced agriculture • Population growth • Settlements became towns • Tool making (bronze) • Smelting—the process of melting and fusing tin and copper

2. History of the Region Through 1800 Roman Empire Romans spreading throughout Southern Europe • Advancing into Western Europe • By A.D. 14—under Roman control • All of France • Most of Germany • Island of Britain • Within 100 years • Beliefs • Language (Latin) • Technologies • Concrete roads • Bridges • Aqueducts—pipes which carried water long distances • Over the centuries • Empire began to weaken in Western Europe • Huns—a warrior people from Asia • Invaded from the east • Drove groups of Germanic peoples (Visigoths) westward • Could not protect its colonies in Western Europe • Germanic groups settled • Created kingdoms • Franks—France • Angles and Saxons—England

3. Making Bronze • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cRg2Anw_ls

4. B.C. and A.D. A.D. is a Latin phrase meaning anno domini which translates to mean, “in the year of our Lord.” B.C. is an English phrase meaning, “Before Christ”. Or before the birth of Jesus Christ

5. Roman Empire A.D. 14

6. Roman Empire A.D. 117

7. Different Groups that conquered Western Europe • Places and names of each group • Romans (France, Germany, England) • Huns (Germany) • Visigoths (Germany and parts of France) • Franks (France) • Angles and Saxons (England) • How does this chart illustrate the culture of Western Europe?

8. Invading Groups of the Roman Empire

9. Roman Aqueducts

10. History of the Region Through 1800 Christianity and Western Europe Christianity—Europe’s major religion • began in eastern Roman Empire • Gradually spread throughout the empire • A.D. 312 • Emperor Constantine—converted to Christianity • Christianity spread quickly • By the fall of the Roman Empire—A.D. 476 • Christianity common—Western Europe • Christian Church • Key role in education • Developed monasteries—religious communities • Roman Catholic Church • Major force in Western European life

11. The Spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire

12. The Middle Ages • Western Europe • Threatened by invaders • No strong governments to fight off invaders • Feudalism arose • Kings gave land to nobles in exchange for military service • Many nobles became knights • Warriors on horseback • Middle Ages-Medieval Age—term used to describe a period of transition between ancient and modern times from about A.D.500 to about 1450

13. Conflicts over religion arose • Pilgrimages—one of the most important religious rituals in medieval European society • A visit to lands that were important to the history of Christianity • Jerusalem—most important destination • Late 1000s controlled by Muslims • Pope Urban II—leader of Catholic Church • Called for a crusade to conquer Jerusalem for Christianity • Crusade—Holy War • Kings and noblemen of Western Europe • Formed great armies • Won Jerusalem in First Crusade • Muslims regained Jerusalem eventually • Crusaders • Returned home with changed ideas • Richer, more powerful, modern world in the east • Ideas began to spread across Northern Europe

14. Muslim controlled around 1096 AD

15. Pope Urban II - https://www.thoughtco.com/pope-urban-ii-profile-1789825

17. Economy • Began to change • Villages into towns • Traders and merchants • Played a bigger role in town life

18. The Middle Ages • Specialized work • Metalsmiths, butchers, carpenters • Organized guilds—any of various medieval associations, as of merchants or artisans, organized to maintain standards and to protect the interests of its members, and the sometimes constituted a local governing Not as powerful as the noblemen or the Church • Helped towns grow stronger Why were guilds important?Guilds in the Middle Ages played an important role in society. They provided a way for trade skills to be learned and passed down from generation to generation. Members of a guild had the opportunity to rise in society through hard work. The guild protected members in many ways. Members were supported by the guild if they came onto hard times or were sick. They controlled working conditions and hours of work. The guild also prevented non-guild members from selling competitive products. Some guild members were even exempt from paying high taxes from the lords and kings.

19. Hundred Years’ War • Threat of war between France and England • Finally broke out in 1337 • Lasted more than 100 years • England won important battles early on • France won all of the land it had lost to England back by the end of the war • Several truces during the war • Some lasted several years • Most important development of the war • Plague—also called the Black Death • Reached Western Europe in 1347 • 4 years • Whole towns wiped out • Four more outbreaks in Europe by the end of the century • Victims of the Black Death • Often stayed in monasteries and hospitals run by Roman Catholic officials

20. Spread of the Bubonic Plague - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YTn6YIwybwM

21. Early Modern Europe • Roman Catholic Church • Wealthy • Power • People • Wanted to reform—or change some Church teaching and practices • Example: Most people did not speak Latin • But the Bible was only available in Latin • People wanted it translated so they could read and interpret it on their own. • Moneymaking practices of Church officials • Sale of indulgences—pardons from the Church for a person’s sins • Martin Luther—a German priest • Declared that only trust in God could save people from their sins • Wrote the Ninety-Five Theses—a document attacking the practice of selling indulgences

26. Church • Expelled Luther • But his ideas spread • Followers of Luther became known as Lutherans • His efforts brought on a religious movement called the Protestant Reformation

27. In January 1521, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. Three months later, Luther was called to defend his beliefs before Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms, where he was famously defiant. For his refusal to recant his writings, the emperor declared him an outlaw and a heretic.

28. As the Catholic Church’s power weakened • England’s kings • Forced to share power with a new government institution • Called Parliament—lawmaking body that is made up of two houses—House of Lords and House of Commons • House of Lords • Represented the wealthy, powerful nobles • House of Commons—”lower” house • Represented the common citizens • Usually successful guild members and business owners

29. The Enlightenment • Wave of discovery and scientific observation • 1600s and 1700s • European explorers • Traveling and mapping the world • European astronomers • Mapping the solar system • Nicolaus Copernicus—Polish astronomer - https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/copernicus-dies • Proposed the theory that Earth and the other planets orbit the sun instead of the sun and other planets orbiting Earth

30. Philosophers • Began to consider ways of improving society • Began to use reason to observe and describe the world around them • Reason transformed the way people thought about how to answer questions about the natural world • This period is called the Enlightment - https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/enlightenment • John Locke and Thomas Hobbes • English philosophers • Used reason to study society • John Locke • Believed that the best form of government was a contract—or agreement—between the ruler and the people • People began to question the authority of kings and of the Church

31. Reform • France • 1789—France • Powerful country, ruled by a king • Peasants-most of the people living in poverty • Successful middle class • Resented not having a voice in government • Revolution • July of 1789—limited the king’s power and ended the privileges of nobles and church leaders • The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Man and of the Citizen • Stated that government’s power came from the people, not the king. • King removed and executed a few years later

32. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Man and of the Citizen

33. Not everyone supported the revolution • Violence—10 years • 1799—Napoleon Bonaparte—young French general • Took military and political control of the country • Brought much of Europe under French control • 1814—Napoleon’s enemies banded together to remove him from power

35. Change and Conflict • During the 1800s • Some Western European nations • Industrialized—changed from an agricultural society to one based on industry • People moved from countryside to the city to find work • Urban population grew • Cities became powerful • Europeans • Strong loyalty to their country • New, national spirit was rising • The Industrial Revolution • 1760 – 1830 - https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution • Big change took place in Britain • Steam-powered machines • Perform work that had been done by humans or animals • Example: Weavers • Once wove cloth on looms in their homes • New machines were invented • Weaved cloth at greater speed for lower cost

36. The Industrial Revolution • Machines of the Industrial Revolution • Affected urban populations • Improved farm labor • Fewer people needed to work the land • People left farms and villages for industrial cities • Work in factories • Loyalties shifted as nations industrialized • Great Britain and France grew closer • Formed an alliance • Germany gained military strength • Possibility of war increased

38. World War I • Rivalries among European powers • New territory and economic power • Helped to lead World War I • Political changes • Also contributed to World War I • Monarchies and empires were being replaced by modern nation-states • Fought between 1914 – 1918 • Resulted in millions of deaths and great destruction • Germany lost the war • Great Britain, Italy, France, United States were victorious • Demanded that Germany pay reparations—war damages

39. Germany - Economy wrecked • Believed punishment too harsh • Adolf Hitler—political radical – Dictator – absolute ruler of Germany by 1933 • Created the Nazi Party • Holocaust—government-sponsored murder of six million Jews. • Envisioned a new German empire • https://www.ushmm.org/remember/days-of-remembrance/why-we-remember

41. Causes of World War I

42. https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2017/04/17/14/research3.jpghttps://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2017/04/17/14/research3.jpg

44. World War II • Hitler’s armies began seizing other countries • WWII • Far beyond Western Europe • Axis Powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan • Allied Powers—United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain • War • Fought in Western and Southern Europe, in Africa, and in the Pacific • American, British, and Canadian troops • Invaded France in June 1944 • Liberated it from the Germans • War ended • After Hitler’s death and Germany’s surrender • May 1945 • East Asia and the Pacific • Fighting continued • 3 months • Ended when U.S. dropped atomic bomb • Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan • Between 40 – 60 million deaths worldwide in WWII • More civilians died than military

45. Causes of World War II

46. The Cold War • WWII weakened the 3 most powerful nation in the world • Great Britain, France, Germany • After WWII • United States and Soviet Union • Emerged as the leading world powers • Both interested in Europe’s fate • Soviet Union • Took control of most of Eastern Europe • United States • Strong ally to nations in Western Europe • Germany • Split in half • Britain, U.S., and France • Occupied western Germany • Soviet Union • Occupied eastern Germany

47. The Cold War • U.S. and Soviet Union • More than 40 years • Engaged in a cold war—a conflict that never erupted into war but the threat of war always existed • Both sides • Stockpiled nuclear weapons • 1980s • Soviet weakened • Cold War ended • When the government of the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991

50. Lesson 3 • People, Places, and Cultures • A Changing World • Political events in the 1900s • Threatened all of Europe • Western Europe needed to work together • Western Europe after World War II • Rebuilding • Countries cooperated • April 1951 • Treaty of Paris • Called for an international agency to supervise the coal and steel industries • France • West Germany • Belgium • The Netherlands • Luxembourg • Italy