History of Computing 1

Slide 1:History of Computing 1

Foundation Computing If the automobile had followed the same development cycle as the computer, a Rolls Royce would today cost $100, get one million miles to the gallon, and explode once a year, killing everyone inside. Robert X. Cringely

Slide 2:Quiz

What is the difference between Insert and Overstrike modes?

Slide 3:Quiz (2)

Which shortcut combination should be used to cut and paste text? Ctrl-Alt-Del Ctrl-x followed by Ctrl-v Ctrl-c followed by Ctrl-v Win-e

Slide 4:Quiz (3)

What should you do if you�ve accidentally deleted highlighted text? Panic Call Microsoft for help Post a message to the bulletin board Use the shortcut Ctrl-z or the undo command immediately

Slide 5:History of Computing

Why should we study the history of computing? The past shapes the present and the present will affect the future. Studying the history of computing gives an appreciation of what technology we have now, and what may come in the future.

Slide 6:Hist. of Computing Timeline

Generations Mechanical (Before 1945) Vacuum Tubes (1945 � 1954) Transistors (1954 � 1963) Integrated Circuits (1963 - 1973) Personal Computers (1973 � ???) Parallel Computers, Networking Mobile Computing

Slide 7:Quote of the day

If the automobile had followed the same development cycle as the computer, a Rolls Royce would today cost $100, get one million miles to the gallon, and explode once a year, killing everyone inside. Robert X. Cringely

Slide 8:Mechanical Computers

Counting Boards Grooved wooden boards with pebbles Oldest 300BC Abacus Used in ancient Rome and Greece Modern abacus used in Asia after 1200AD Slide Rule John Napier (1600s) Oldest counting board "Salamis Tablet" used by the Babylonians. Competitions for arithmetic between Abacus and early computers in 1940's: Abacus won.Oldest counting board "Salamis Tablet" used by the Babylonians. Competitions for arithmetic between Abacus and early computers in 1940's: Abacus won.

Slide 9:Mechanical Computers (2)

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) French mathematician, physicist and religious philosopher Probability theory, Pascal�s Triangle Pascaline (1642) � he was very young! Adding/subtracting machine with automatic carry failed to be a great commercial success Improved the design, built total of 50 of these Unit of pressure (Pa) named after him and a programming language!!! Animation of the Pascaline: http://perso.orange.fr/therese.eveilleau/pages/truc_mat/textes/pascaline.htm

Slide 10:Mechanical Computers (3)

Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) French silk weaver and inventor Jacquard Loom Weaving machine Controlled by recorded patterns of holes in a string of cards Invention was fiercely opposed by the silk-weavers Loom was declared public property in 1806 He was rewarded with a pension and a royalty on each machine

Slide 11:Mechanical Computers (4)

Charles Babbage (1792-1871) English mathematician Sought to eliminate the high error rate in the calculation of mathematical tables (human error) Idea of a programmable computer Difference Engine (1823) Programmable calculator Calculated polynomials Produced table of logarithms 1 -108 000 Inventions the cowcatcher � a device fitted to the front of a train that was used to move pesky cows out of the way of a speeding train; a standard railroad gauge � a standard width between train rails meant that different manufacturers could construct trains and trains could run in rail lines operated by different companies; uniform postal rates � calculating how much transport of a package should cost is a time consuming exercise, creating a table of standard costs will save time and in-turn money; occulating lights for lighthouses � lighthouse that go flash; and Greenwich time signals � make Greenwich a point of longitude from which all time on the earth is measured relative to. It was envisaged that the Difference Engine would be steam powered but hand cranked prototypes only were created. A working Analytical Engine was completed in the 1980's with little modification to Babbage's design Inventions the cowcatcher � a device fitted to the front of a train that was used to move pesky cows out of the way of a speeding train; a standard railroad gauge � a standard width between train rails meant that different manufacturers could construct trains and trains could run in rail lines operated by different companies; uniform postal rates � calculating how much transport of a package should cost is a time consuming exercise, creating a table of standard costs will save time and in-turn money; occulating lights for lighthouses � lighthouse that go flash; and Greenwich time signals � make Greenwich a point of longitude from which all time on the earth is measured relative to. It was envisaged that the Difference Engine would be steam powered but hand cranked prototypes only were created. A working Analytical Engine was completed in the 1980's with little modification to Babbage's design

Slide 12:Analytical Engine With store (modern memory) and mill (modern CPU) Not completed until after his death � lack of funding Could perform any kind of calculation Punch cards similar to Jacquard Loom "The Father of Computing"

Mechanical Computers (5)

Slide 13:Mechanical Computers (6)

Augusta Ada King (1815-1852) Ada Lovelace (Countess) Worked with Babbage, wrote notes on how to calculate Bernoulli numbers with the Analytical Engine These notes are recognized as world�s first computer program Controversial: Who wrote these notes � Babbage or Lovelace? Programming language ADA named after her Her image can be seen on the Microsoft product authenticity hologram stickers. Her image can be seen on the Microsoft product authenticity hologram stickers.

Slide 14:Mechanical Computers (7)

George Boole (1815-1864) English/Irish mathematician Creator of Boolean logic (basis of all modern computer arithmetic) His work was obscure outside philosophical circles Boring lifeBoring life

Slide 15:70 years after his death, an MIT master�s student read about his work He wrote in his thesis about utilizing the properties of electrical switches to do logic Became the basic concept that underlies all modern electronic digital computers Possibly the most important, and also the most famous, Master's thesis of the century

Mechanical Computers (8) master student thesis bool babbagemaster student thesis bool babbage

Slide 16:Mechanical Computers (9)

Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) American statistician Created the punched cards and associated machinery used for the 1890 US census. (based on Jacquard�s method) Founded Hollerith Tabulating Company which later became IBM The United States Census is conducted every ten years 1880 census took almost ten years to tabulate by hand 1890 Census data was anticipated to take longer than ten years Census data collectors punched holes in the paper cards which were reading into Hollerith�s machine and tabulated by electronic and mechanical means The 1890 Census was completed on schedule The United States Census is conducted every ten years 1880 census took almost ten years to tabulate by hand 1890 Census data was anticipated to take longer than ten years Census data collectors punched holes in the paper cards which were reading into Hollerith�s machine and tabulated by electronic and mechanical means The 1890 Census was completed on schedule

Slide 17:More information

Read more here: http://www.computerhistory.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

Slide 18:Quiz

What is the first thing you should do before searching for information on the WWW?

Slide 19:Quiz (2)

How would you exclude a keyword from a search on the WWW?

Slide 20:Quiz (3)

How would you start an efficient search for the fixed expression what a nice day using a search engine? �what� a �nice day� �what a nice day� �a nice day what� what a nice day

Slide 21:Quiz (4)

Name 4 people who influenced the mechanical era of computers/computing machines Pascal Jacquard Babbage Lovelace Boole Hollerith Pascal Jacquard Babbage Lovelace Boole Hollerith

Slide 22:Hist. of Computing Timeline

Generations Mechanical (Before 1945) Vacuum Tubes (1945 � 1954) Transistors (1954 � 1963) Integrated Circuits (1963 - 1973) Personal Computers (1973 � ???) Parallel Computers, Networking

Slide 23:Relays

Relays (electromagnetic switches) Faster than cranking gears Mechanical, could Jam Z3 Built by a German engineer, Konrad Zuse (1910-1995) Classified by the German government and his machine was destroyed during World War II Top: Relay Default state circuit between X and Y is open (no electricity can flow between X and Y); Hinged metal arm is held open by a spring When electricity flows through the coil wire from A to B this generates a magnetic field which draws the arm towards it, closing the circuit. In this state, electricity can flow between X and Y. Bottom: Grace Hopper (1906-1992) discovered a moth that was stuck in between the contacts of a relay within the Mark II Z3 Built by a German engineer, Konrad Zuse (1910-1995) Classified by the German government and his machine was destroyed during World War II Top: Relay Default state circuit between X and Y is open (no electricity can flow between X and Y); Hinged metal arm is held open by a spring When electricity flows through the coil wire from A to B this generates a magnetic field which draws the arm towards it, closing the circuit. In this state, electricity can flow between X and Y. Bottom: Grace Hopper (1906-1992) discovered a moth that was stuck in between the contacts of a relay within the Mark II

Slide 24:Relays (2)

Relays can be combined to create complex logic circuitry (on/off, true/false) Z3 (1941), first relay calculator, built by Konrad Zuse (German engineer) Programmed using punched tape

Slide 25:Relays (3)

The first computer bug�: moth stuck in a relay Mechanical parts, not very reliable, alternative sought Vacuum tube is glass tube with air removed allowing free flow of electricityVacuum tube is glass tube with air removed allowing free flow of electricity

Slide 26:Vacuum Tubes

Vacuum Tubes (Valves) Invented 1906 Used in audio devices (to amplify a signal) Expensive, large Used as switches Faster and more reliable than relays Produced heat and wore out

Slide 27:Transistors

Transistors Invented by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs (1948) Works as a switch Made from silicon (cheap to produce from sand) Smaller, more reliable More energy efficient Breakthrough: Made computers more affordable! Nobel price in physicsNobel price in physics

Slide 28:Integrated Circuits

Integrated Circuits (1958) Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments Simplest calculator requires several thousand transistors Transistors joined on silicon plates with metallic connectors modern processor contains millions of transistors Invented by Jack Kirby (1923 - ) at Texas Instruments Modern processors contain millions of transistorsInvented by Jack Kirby (1923 - ) at Texas Instruments Modern processors contain millions of transistors

Slide 29:Innovators

Alan Turing (1912-1954) British mathematician, cryptographer Theoretical computer (Turing Machine) Tape to store data and instructions WWII Cryptography

Slide 30:Innovators (2)

Turing Test for Machine Intelligence ? A: A: Turing Test Suppose a person typing at a terminal exchanges messages with a hidden interlocutor who is occasionally a computer and occasionally a human being. If the person cannot tell the difference then the computer has exhibited intelligent behaviour Turing Test Suppose a person typing at a terminal exchanges messages with a hidden interlocutor who is occasionally a computer and occasionally a human being. If the person cannot tell the difference then the computer has exhibited intelligent behaviour

Slide 31:Innovators (3)

Howard Aiken (1900-1973) Large scale relay calculators (US) Quote "The president of IBM can't tell the president of Harvard what to do". Quote "The president of IBM can't tell the president of Harvard what to do".

Slide 32:Innovators (4)

John von Neumann (1903-1957) ENIAC (1946) 18,000 Vacuum Tubes 30 tons 5000 additionsper sec Von Neumann Architecture for single processor computers Memory and processing unit are separate John von Neumann Child Prodigy Born in Hungary but moved to the United States Involved in calculations for designing the hydrogen bomb John von Neumann Child Prodigy Born in Hungary but moved to the United States Involved in calculations for designing the hydrogen bomb

Slide 33:Personal Computers

Altair 8800 (1975) First PC Kit form Less than $500 Sold very well Altair 8800 Sold by the company MITS as a kit for less than $500. The machine included an 8080 processor made by the Intel Corporation, the people who make Pentium processors. No keyboard, monitor or permanent storage device. A user programmed the computer by flicking switches on the front of the machine and output was delivered through lights on the front panel. The name Altair company name was a destination for the Starship Enterprise during an episode of Star Trek.Altair 8800 Sold by the company MITS as a kit for less than $500. The machine included an 8080 processor made by the Intel Corporation, the people who make Pentium processors. No keyboard, monitor or permanent storage device. A user programmed the computer by flicking switches on the front of the machine and output was delivered through lights on the front panel. The name Altair company name was a destination for the Starship Enterprise during an episode of Star Trek.

Slide 34:Personal Computers (2)

No keyboard, monitor, permanent storage provided Programmed by flicking switches on the front, output through lights

Slide 35:Personal Computers (3)

The Apple Computer (1976) Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs Met while working for HP Built and sold Blue Box (which could be used to misuse the telephone system) Were found out The Apple II was the first computer that most people had ever seen It was affordable for middle-class families. Its popularity enabled the entire computer game market; the educational software market; a boom in the word processor and computer printer market; and the absolute "killer app" for business: VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet. VisiCalc alone sold many Apple II's to all kinds of business people. Generated switching tones for rerouting long distance callsThe Apple II was the first computer that most people had ever seen It was affordable for middle-class families. Its popularity enabled the entire computer game market; the educational software market; a boom in the word processor and computer printer market; and the absolute "killer app" for business: VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet. VisiCalc alone sold many Apple II's to all kinds of business people. Generated switching tones for rerouting long distance calls

Slide 36:Personal Computers (4)

Built first prototype in Job�s garage Apple II: First pre-assembled PC (1977) Monitor Keyboard Graphics Sound

Slide 37:Personal Computers (5)

IBM PC and Compatibles Special IBM team to create affordable PC (1981) Use parts from Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) IBM compatible computer IBM expected benefit from royalties and sales of superior product IBM out-competed by cheaper computers built on generic parts IBM architecture still dominates home computer markedIBM architecture still dominates home computer marked

Slide 38:Personal Computers (6)

William H. Gates III and Paul Allen BASIC programming language compiler for Altair MicroSoft (1975) Contracted to writesoftware forIBM PC (1981) MS DOS, Windows Richest in worldby mid 1990s (Gates), 7th richest (Allen)

Slide 39:Famous quotes

�I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.� Thomas J. Watson, Chairman IBM, 1943 �Where a calculator on the ENIAC is equipped with 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighs 30 tons, computers in the future may have only 1,000 vacuum tubes and weigh only 1� tons.� Popular Mechanics, 1949 �There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home.� Ken Olson, Chairman DEC, 1977

Slide 40:Future?

Wireless computers �mobile computing� PDAs and Smart Phones Parallel Processing and Optical Circuitry Quantum Computers

Slide 41:Moore�s Law

Gordon Moore (1965) Co-founder of Intel At our rate of technological development, the complexity of an integrated circuit, with respect to minimum component cost will double in about 18 months. The law has largely held the test of time to date

Slide 43:Moore�s Law

Moore�s Law first published in "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits", Electronics Magazine 19 April 1965

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Slide 46:Read the study book

Please read module 3 of the Study Book For more information, read the corresponding chapter in the text �Foundation Computing� (if you have purchased a copy) Surf the web � Google or Wikipedia are a good start or ask us for help on the Bulletin Board! You should now be ready to attempt the first part of Assignment 3!!!