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State of the Art . English Pedagogy of Literacy (U.S. research and teachers)Spanish Pedagogy of Literacy (Latin American research
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1. Literacy in Spanish: Whats the Same/Whats Different Kathy Escamilla
University of Colorado, Boulder
Kathy.escamilla@colorado.edu 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
2. State of the Art
English Pedagogy of Literacy (U.S. research and teachers)
Spanish Pedagogy of Literacy (Latin American research & teachers)
How Two Languages Interact (U.S. Educators -US) 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
3. Bernhardt (2003) 80% of Reading Research done in English by monolingual English researchers
Good teaching is good teaching platitude
ELLs lumped into one category 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
4. Need for New Theories Bernhardt (2003), Grant & Wong (2003), Halcn, 2001
Researchers call for new L2 reading theory.
Genesee & Riches (2006)
U.S. teachers need to learn to make more explicit and direct cross-language transfers for English Language Learners especially for those languages that share common orthographic systems.
August & Shanahan (2006), Slavin & Cheung (2003)
Second language literacy greatly enhanced if learners are literate in L1.
Vernon & Feirrero (1999)
Phonological awareness in Spanish is best taught through writing. Phonics as defined in English has NO equivalent in Spanish.
Smith, Jimnez, Martnez-Leon (2003)
Cannot wholesale import methods from one country and apply them entirely in the new country. Adaptations, however, are possible (e.g. the cuaderno 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
5. Ways Spanish Literacy Instruction Differs from English Role of Oral Language and Writing
Part to Whole Instruction
Little focus on phonics
Little focus on letter ID,
Start with wordness as a concept and work up and down
Emphasis on shared and interactive reading
Direct & Explicit
Whole group instruction 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
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7. Approaches to Literacy Instruction All alphabetic languages share two basic approaches to literacy instruction
Analytic (whole to part)
Synthetic (part to whole) 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
8. Universals Alphabetic languages have universal features
Whole to part reading methodology is universal (analytic) 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
9. Universals Modeled Reading Read Alouds
Shared reading
Interactive Reading Lenguaje integral
Mtodo global
Mtodo ideovisual 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
10. Synthetic Methods are Language Specific Part to whole methods need to consider how specific languages work 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
11. Synthetic Methods English
Phonemic Awareness
Phonics
Phonological Awareness Spanish
Mtodo onomonopyio
Mtodo silbico
Mtodo fontico 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
12. The Development of Phonological Awareness: A Difference of Opinion English (Adams, 1990)
Phonemic awareness should be developed through oral language;
Phonemic awareness should be done before exposure to print;
Songs, games, rhymes, read alouds etc. Spanish (Feirreiro & Vernon, 1999)
Only if children write and reflect on their writing will they analyze speech;
Oral communication alone does not demand analysis of speech;
Phonological awareness is BEST developed through writing and analysis of written language.
7/2/09 Literacy Squared
13. Synthetic Differences in Literacy Teaching: Spanish to English Spanish
Concept of a word;
Concept of a syllable;
Concept of a phoneme;
Letter sounds;
Names of letters;
Phonemic awareness done via writing (beginning with wordness). English
Letter names;
Letter sounds;
Syllables;
Words;
Phonemic Awareness done via oral language, later done in writing. 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
14. Emphasis on Writing: Cuaderno de Espaol: Primer grado Graph paper used to help children learn to separate words
Children do the following types of writing:
Word analysis
Syllabication
Copying and memorizing
Dictados
Response to stories
Other language arts exercices 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
15. Word Analysis (note differences from English) Identifying words
Nombres largos/cortos
Stories 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
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18. Beginning Reading: Wordness A short story
Echo
Choral
Copy of Story cut and pasted in cuaderno
Put boxes around the words
Copy the story
See next slide 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
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22. Syllabication - 5 Types of Analysis Directas/sencillas - (pato, malo, gato)
Inversas (ardilla, Enrique, rbol, indio)
Diptngo (diez, ciudad, leer)
Compuesta (garza, mango, dedal)
Mixta (elefante, anillo,osito) 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
23. Syllabication - 5 Types of Analysis Directas/sencillas - (pato, malo, gato)
Inversas (ardilla, Enrique, rbol, indio)
Diptngo (diez, ciudad, leer)
Compuesta (garza, mango, dedal)
Mixta (osito, anillo) 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
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26. Haceres, dehaceres, y quehaceres Making and breaking - word analysis (again note differences from English)
Note word analysis at end of words NOT beginning (e.g. camisa - sara, sapo etc.)
Individual phoneme syllabication - notice this is done later NOT earlier 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
27. Word analysis and syllabication 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
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29. Copying with Meaning Rules for life and living
Songs
Poems
About 1x per month 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
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33. Member Check: 5 minutes What is 1 thing you have learned?
How will you use this information?
I know they can read when they can take dictation
7/2/09 Literacy Squared
34. Spanish - English Differences Role of vowels - in Spanish they are critical, in English they are not
Vowels emerge before consonants in Spanish
This affects the order in which these letters/sounds are taught
Three different research examples 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
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36. Spanish/English Differences English - On-set and rime important
In Spanish word endings provide more powerful patterns
Examples from research 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
37. English 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
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40. Stages of Writing Differ in Spanish Spanish writers develop invented spelling earlier
Spanish writers make different errors
Spanish writers stay in invented stages longer 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
41. Spanish Writing Issues B/V; Ll/Y; C,S,Z; H; I/Y; C/Qu
Accent marks
Lack of work separation 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
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44. English Writing Rubrics for Spanish Writing Equal weighting of content and mechanics
Choice of prompts (past tense, living an experience in one language and writing about it in a second language)
Cultural bias 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
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46. Alfredo Past tense writing in Spanish requires knowledge of accent rules - harder task than comparable English
Equal weighting of conventions and content make a good writer score as partially proficient 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
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48. Cultural Bias in Writing Prompts Pretend you are your parents, write about what they would say about your room
Write about your favorite camping trip. Where did you go? What did you see? What did you do?
7/2/09 Literacy Squared
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51. Word Walls in Bilingual Classrooms Spanish/English and
Both 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
52. Primary Grades Separate word walls for Spanish and English ( especially for vowels - I in Spanish = long E in English etc.)
High frequency word walls in Spanish (based on Spanish)
Word walls with rr, in medial NOT initial positions 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
53. Word Walls Beyond Initial Consonants
rr - perro, carro
- pia, nia
Word walls with articles
Masculine, feminine, singular, plural
Exceptions - el agua, la mano, el mapa
Words that do not end in vowels - la navidad, el reloj, el avin, la nacin
Words with hard and soft sounds of consonants C & G
7/2/09 Literacy Squared
54. Primary Grades Word walls with articles (e.g. La rana, el libro, el reloj, la pared etc.)
Word walls that model upper and lower case letters (Ch, not CH, Ll, ll etc.)
Word walls with examples for each initial consonant and vowel ( vowels first, consonants in order of frequency in language) 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
55. Primary Grades H on word wall with a face with eyes, nose and no mouth to illustrate that it is a silent letter
High frequency words that are frequently mispelled (boi=voy; llo=yo; bamos=vamos; sena = cena etc.)
Contractions - no need a+el=al; de+el=del 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
56. Primary Grades Commom blends - fr=fro; fl=flor; pl=plato etc.
High frequency words that need accents/tildes/dieresis - pap, manaa, pia, bilinge
How accents cause words to change meanings - el papa, pap, la papa; hablo/habl 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
57. Primary Grades Demonstrate how to join syllables together to make words (e.g. pa+to=pato; ma+lo=malo; pa+lo = palo)
Frequently used words in writing - favorito; familia; hermanos
Word families - pan, panadero, panadera; pez, pescado, pescador 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
58. Primary Grades Demonstrate how to join syllables together to make words (e.g. pa+to=pato; ma+lo=malo; pa+lo = palo)
Frequently used words in writing - favorito; familia; hermanos
Word families - pan, panadero, panadera; pez, pescado, pescador 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
59. Other Gender agreement (specific to Spanish)
Syntax - word order 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
60. Intermediate Grades Homophones (ola/hola; a ver/haber; hacer/a ser)
Compound words - cumpleaos; rascacielos; tocadiscos; paracadas)
Rules for H - not ALL rules, 3 most common
Rules for B/V - not ALL rules
Rules for LL 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
61. Intermediate Grades Accent Rules - most common
Contrast English/Spanish (In Spanish we, but in English we ) days of week, months of year etc.
Notation devices - 3-2-03 in English is the 2nd of March, in Spanish it is the 3rd of Feb.
Conceptual differences (e.g. what floor are we on? How many days in a week?) 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
62. Word Walls Word walls with examples of high utility words that are frequently misspelled
Llo boi a la hescuela y despues seno con mis ermanos
Yo voy a la escuela y despues ceno con mis hermanos.
Word walls with examples of high frequency words that need accents
Da, mam, tambin, despus, pap, est
7/2/09 Literacy Squared
63. Word Walls for Word Families Zapato - zapatero, zapatera, zapatero
Flor - florero, florera
Pan - panadero, panadera
Pez - pescado, pescador, pescadera
Libro - librera, librero 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
64. Word Walls for Commonly Used Homophones Haber/ A Ver
Hacer/ A Ser
Tubo/ Tuvo
Cay/call
Coser/cocer
Casar/cazar 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
65. Word Walls for Compound Words Cumpleaos
Rascacielos
Tocadiscos
Sacapuntas
Sobrecoma
Rompecabezas
Parauages
Anteojos
Paracadas
7/2/09 Literacy Squared
66. Word Walls for Intermediate Grades Rules for H
Rules for Ll
Rules for B
Rules for V
Rules for Accent Marks 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
67. Transition Color coded words that are spelled the same in Spanish and English but pronounced differently (e.g. idea, natural)
Words that add a letter in Spanish but otherwise are the same (e.g. problem, problema, justice, justicia
How it sounds/how its spelled (e.g. it=eat; moll=mall) 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
68. Word Walls to Contrast Spanish/English In English we capitalize the days of the week, but in Spanish we dont
Punctuation
Qu bonito da!
What a beautiful day!
Cul es tu apellido?
What is your last name?
Notation devices (2/3/03)
English = Feb. 3, 2003; Spanish Mar .2, 2003) 7/2/09 Literacy Squared
69. Whats Should We Add? Word wall work in Spanish is a work in progress
Word walls for transition students are just starting to develop
For the next 5 minutes, generate 3 ideas in your group that we should use to add to our word walls. 7/2/09 Literacy Squared