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Music Appreciation Course Introduction Elements of Music

Music Appreciation Course Introduction Elements of Music Course Objective To produce an educated patron of music Listening Selected topics Historical evolution Objectives Live performance—special excitement Evaluating music performances Music History Western European & American music

MikeCarlo
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Music Appreciation Course Introduction Elements of Music

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  1. Music AppreciationCourse IntroductionElements of Music

  2. Course Objective • To produce an educated patron of music • Listening • Selected topics • Historical evolution

  3. Objectives Live performance—special excitement Evaluating music performances

  4. Music HistoryWestern European & American music • Historical style periods • Selected great composers

  5. Sound Rhythm Melody Key Form Performing Media Music Notation Harmony Texture Style Part I: “Elements of Music”

  6. CHAPTER 1—SOUND: PITCH, DYNAMICS, AND TONE COLOR Sound Music is the organization of sounds in time Properties of musical sounds: • Dynamics • Tone color

  7. Pitch • Highness or lowness of sound • A definite pitch is a tone

  8. Dynamics Italian terms used to indicate dynamics • Extremes: ppp, pppp, fff, ffff • Crescendo: gradually louder • Decrescendo (diminuendo): gradually softer

  9. Tone Color Also called timbre: quality of a sound • Can be bright, dark, mellow, etc.

  10. Performing Media: The Singing Voice Grouped by gender 2 main groupings: • Female • Male • Soprano (high) • Mezzo Soprano (medium high) • Alto (low) • Tenor (high) • Baritone (medium high) • Bass (low)

  11. Musical Instruments Instruments made in different sizes (for range) Western instruments: 6 broad categories Orchestral groups: Non Orchestral: • String • Woodwind • Brass • Percussion • Keyboard • Electronic

  12. Homework Listening Assignment • Britten: Young Person’s Guide to the OrchestraTwo Options:Kamien disc 1 (pg 30 in text), orKamien cd rom/Instruments/Young Persons Guide…

  13. String Instruments • Longer string = lower pitch Sound produced by vibrating a tight cable Orchestral instruments • Violin • Viola • Cello (violoncello) • Bass (double bass) Symphonic music uses bow

  14. Woodwind Instruments • In 20th Century, metal & plastic became common Traditionally, woodwinds made of wood • The longer the tube, the lower the pitch • Covering holes along instrument serves to lengthen the tube Main orchestral woodwinds and ranges:

  15. Brass Instruments • Trumpet • French horn • Trombone • Tuba Orchestral brasses (in order of range): (Cornet, baritone horn, & euphonium used mainly in concert and marching bands)

  16. © Percussion Instruments Sound (generally) produced by striking, shaking, or rubbing the instrument • Some instruments of definite pitch produce tones

  17. Percussion Instruments • Instruments of indefinite pitch produce noise-like sounds • Membranes, plates, or bars vibrate

  18. Keyboard InstrumentsPictured on pages 26 & 27 Piano Harpsichord Pipe Organ

  19. Organ Pipes

  20. Pipe Organ

  21. Electronic Instruments • Produce or amplify sound using electricity • Synthesizer – an instrument and/or a modifier of musical instruments • Can order sounds in time through electronic means Frankenstein the Edgar Winter Band • May 1973 Billboard no. 1

  22. Electronic Instruments MIDI (1983) allowed connection of devices Modern composers connect these devices, use software, and create and write new types of music

  23. Rhythm - Organizes movement in time - Recurring patterns

  24. Beat • Recurrent pulsation • Divides music into equal units of time • Grouping of beats into measures • Downbeat • Syncopation

  25. Tempo The speed of the beat, the pace Indicated by Italian terms at beginning of piece • accelerando, ritardando Metronome—indicates exact tempo

  26. Notating Rhythm Music notation indicates length of tone in relation to other tones in the piece • How note looks indicates duration • Note head & stem • Flag • Beam • Dotted note • Tie Notating Silence Rests indicate notated silence

  27. Notating Meter Time signature indicates the meter of a piece of music 2 3 • Top number: how many beats in measure 4 2 • Bottom number: what type note counts 1 beat

  28. Music Notation Written music stores information Notating Pitch Letter names for notes: A B C D E F G Staff Clef signs • Treble • Bass Grand staff

  29. Notating Pitch Keyboard note naming Keyboard note naming with notation • Sharp, flat, & natural notes

  30. Score • Includes music for every instrument of the orchestra on one sheet • Can include 20+ lines of music atonce • See example p. 39

  31. Orchestral Score Example

  32. Melody Definition Range Direction and motion Theme Climax

  33. Harmony Definition & example Chord Progression Triad Tension & release Dissonance Consonance

  34. Homework Listening Example Prelude in E minor for Piano, Op. 28, No. 4(1839) by Frederic Chopin Listening Outline: p. 46 Brief set, CD 1:36 Listen for: Pulsating chords & monotonous melody Dissonant chords underlying melody Climax with faster rhythm & crescendo Near end, dissonant chord, silence, resolution at cadence

  35. Organization of Musical Sounds • Key Tonality • The central tone is the keynote, or tonic • Scale • Chromatic Scale • Major Scale • Minor scale

  36. The Major Scale The Formula Drawn from the 12 chromatic semitones (half steps) Whole step , half step Formula: W W H W W W H • Bright, happy sound

  37. The Minor Scale Whole steps and half steps occur in another predetermined order Formula: W H W W H W W • Dark, sad sound

  38. The Key Signature Sharp and flat symbolsat thebeginning ofthe music Number of sharps or flatsplayed determines scale and key

  39. Modulation: Change of Key Atemporary shift in tonal gravity Provides contrast Tonic Key – the main key Modulations away usually return to the tonic key

  40. Musical Texture • Definition: • Monophonic Texture • Polyphonic Texture • Homophonic Texture • Changes of Texture

  41. Homework Listening Example Farandole from L’Arlesienne Suite No. 2 (1879) by Georges Bizet Listening Outline: page 52 Brief Set, CD 1:37 Note contrasting textures

  42. Musical Form - Architecture • Techniques that Create Musical Form • Repetition • Contrast • Variation

  43. Types of Musical Form • Three-Part (Ternary) Form: A B A • Simple A B A • Subdivided aba cdc aba Dance of the Reed Pipes from Nutcracker Suite (1892) by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky Listening Outline: p. 56 Brief Set, CD 1:42

  44. Types of Musical Form Two-Part (Binary) Form: A B • A B • A A B • A B B • A A B B

  45. Listening ExerciseWrite down your observations of Performing Instruments, Rhythm, Melody, and Harmony Contradance No. 7 in Eb Major from Twelve Contradances for Orchestra (1892) by Ludwig van Beethoven Listening Outline: p. 57 Brief Set, CD 1:45

  46. Other types of form • Through-Composed: reflects a poems continual changing mood, a musical journey • Strophic: repeating the same music for each verse of text • Theme & Variation: used in popular and jazz frequently where variations of the theme are used repeatedly and often improvised

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