Nanotechnology A big issue in a small world

1. NanotechnologyA big issue in a small world H.Aourag URMER, University of Tlemcen

2. Public concern and media hype

3. What Is All the Fuss About Nanotechnology? Any given search engine will produce 1.6 million hits Nanotechnology is on the way to becoming the FIRST trillion dollar market Nanotechnology influences almost every facet of every day life such as security and medicine.

4. Physical science content standards 9-12 Structure of atoms Structure and properties of matter Chemical reactions Motion and forces Conservation of energy and increase in disorder (entropy) Interactions of energy and matter Does Nanotechnology Address Teaching Standards?

5. Does Nanotechnology Address Teaching Standards? Science and technology standards • Abilities of technological design • Understanding about science and technology Science in personal and social perspectives • Personal and community health • Population growth • Natural resources • Environmental quality • Natural and human-induced hazards • Science and technology in local, national, and global challenges

6. Does Nanotechnology Address Teaching Standards? History and nature of science standards • Science as a human endeavor • Nature of scientific knowledge • Historical perspective

7. Does Nanotechnology Address Teaching Standards? i

8. Does Nanotechnology Address Teaching Standards?

9. What is Nanotechnology? • It comprises any technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. • One nanometer equals one thousandth of a micrometer or one millionth of a millimeter. • It is also referred as microscopic technology.

10. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY? The intentional manufacture of large scale objects whose discrete components are less than a few hundred nanometers wide. Exploits novel phenomena and properties at the nanoscale. Nature employs nanotechnology to build DNA, proteins, enzymes etc. Nanotechnology – Bottom up approach Traditional technology – Top down approach It is the ultimate technology.

11. What does Nano mean? • “Nano” – derived from an ancient Greek word “Nanos” meaning DWARF. • “Nano” = One billionth of something • “A Nanometer” = One billionth of a meter • 10 hydrogen atoms shoulder to shoulder • There are 25 million nms in a single inch. NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ACT, October 2003

12. VARIOUS MATERIALS IN NANOMETER DIMENSION < NM  NM  1000’s of NM’s  Million NM’s  Billions of NM’s

13. NANOMATERIALS WITH DIFFERENT ATOMIC ARRANGEMENTS Carbon Nanotube 50,000 times Thinner than Human hair Buckyball

14. FUTURE AUTOMOBILE Nano-scale metal oxide ceramic catalysts to almost eliminate emissions Carbon nanotubes in windshields & frames to make them strong & lightweight Nano-powders in paints for high gloss & durability Nano polymer composites for lightweight high resistance bumpers Fuel cells with nano-catalysts and membrane technologies

15. NANOMATERIALS IN CURRENT CONSUMER PRODUCTS Cosmetics, sunscreens Containing zinc oxide and Titanium oxide nanoparticles Nano polymer Composites for stain Resistant clothing Carbon nanotubes

16. HEALTH AND MEDICINE • Expanding ability to characterize genetic makeup will revolutionize the specificity of diagnostics and therapeutics - Nanodevices can make gene sequencing more efficient • Effective and less expensive health care using remote and in-vivo devices • New formulations and routes for drug delivery, optimal drug usage • More durable, rejection-resistant artificial tissues and organs • Sensors for early detection and prevention Nanotube-based biosensor for cancer diagnostics

17. HOMELAND SECURITY • Very high sensitivity, low power sensors for detecting chem/bio/nuclear threats • Light weight military platforms, without sacrificing functionality, safety and soldier security - Reduce fuel needs and logistical requirements • Reduce carry-on weight of soldier gear - Increased functionality per unit weight

18. ESTIMATES OF THE POTENTIAL MARKET SIZE • Other • Conservative case • Materials • Aerospace • Chemical Manufacturing • NSF Estimate • Pharmaceuticals • Aggressive case • Electronics USD trillions Nanotechnology related goods and services – by 2010-2015 Source : National Science Foundation

19. SAFETY OF NANOMATERIALS • Environmental impact • Absorption through skin • Respitory ailments • Evidence that carbon nanotubes cause lung infection in mice. Teflon nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm cause liver cancer in mice.

20. NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND COMPUTATION CENTER (NRCC)WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY Inter & Multidisciplinary program Established in December 2002 www.wmich.edu/nrcc

21. AREAS OF RESEARCH • Molecular Self-Assembly – organic, biological, and composites for molecular recognition, sensors, catalysis. • Sensors – chemical, biological, and radiological agents; - biosensors; gases (O2, H2). • Novel nanomaterial synthesis and characterization. • Lab-on-chip and Lab-on-a-CD. • Novel nanomaterials derived from biological molecules – protein nanotubes, viral scaffolds, bacteriophages. • Quantum mechanical modeling of nanomaterials. • Electronic structures and properties of nanoclusters. • Fluid dynamics in micro- and nano-channels. • Molecular electronics. • Toxicity of nanoparticles.

22. Molecular Nanotechnology • The term nanotechnology is often used interchangeably with molecular nanotechnology (MNT) • MNT includes the concept of mechanosynthesis. • MNT is a technology based on positionally-controlled mechanosynthesis guided by molecular machine systems.

23. Nanotechnologyin Field of Electronics • Miniaturization • Device Density

24. History • Richard Feynman • 1959, entitled ‘There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom’ • Manipulate atoms and molecules directly • 1/10th scale machine to help to develop the next generation of 1/100th scale machine, and so forth. • As things get smaller, gravity would become less important, surface tension molecule attraction would become more important.

25. History • Tokyo Science University professor Norio Taniguchi • 1974 to describe the precision manufacture of materials with nanometre tolerances. • K Eric Drexler • 1980s the term was reinvented • 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. • He expanded the term into Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation

26. Nanomaterial and Devices • Small Scales • Extreme Properties • Nanobots

27. Self-Assemble • Nanodevices build themselves from the bottom up. • Scanning probe microscopy • Atomic force microscopes • scanning tunneling microscopes • scanning the probe over the surface and measuring the current, one can thus reconstruct the surface structure of the material

28. Problems in Nanotechnology • how to assemble atoms and molecules into smart materials and working devices? • Supramolecular chemistry • self-assemble into larger structures

29. Current Nanotechnology • Stanford University • extremely small transistor • two nanometers wide and regulates electric current through a channel that is just one to three nanometers long • ultra-low-power

30. Intel • processors with features measuring 65 nanometers Gate oxide less than 3 atomic layers thick 20 nanometer transistor Atomic structure

31. Plasmons • Waves of electrons traveling along the surface of metals • They have the same frequency and electromagnetic field as light. • Their sub-wavelength require less space. • With the use of plasmons information can be transferred through chips at an incredible speed

32. Nanomaterial modeling and simulation types

33. What I will cover • Carbon Nanotubes • Bio-Nano-Materials • Thermoelectric Nanomaterials • What is happening at UK

34. Carbon Nanotubes • What are they? • Carbon molecules aligned in cylinder formation • Who discovered them? • Researchers at NEC in 1991 • What are some of their uses? • Minuscule wires • Extremely small devices

36. Potential energy • Vk = Repulsive force • Va = attractive force • Morse potential equations

37. Carbon Nanotubes • total potential of a system • Adds the NB contribution • Force of interaction

38. Carbon Nanotubes • Leonard – Jones potential with von der Waals interaction • Geen - Kudo relation

44. Bio-Nanomaterials • What is Bio-Nanomaterials? • Putting DNA inside of carbon nanotubes • What can this research give us? • There are lots of chemical and biological applications

45. Distances over time

46. Van der waals engery

47. Radical density profiles

48. Thermoelectric Nanomaterials Concepts before modeling can begin: • ZT = TσS2/κ • T = temperature • σ = electrical conductivity • S = Seebeck constant • κ = κph +κel • K = sum of lattice and electronic contributions • Potential across thermoelectric material • Boltzmann transport

49. The Modeling equations

50. Thermoelectric Nanomaterials