Why Cognitive Research Can’t Be Left to Cognitive Scientists

1. Why Cognitive Research Can’t Be Left to Cognitive Scientists jgrudin@microsoft.com http://research.microsoft.com/~jgrudin

3. Cognitive Science and HCI • 1968-1972 BA, Math-Physics, Reed • 1972-1973 MS, Mathematics, Purdue • 1973-1976 Programmer, Wang Labs • 1976-1977 Psychology Department, Stanford • 1977-1981 UC San Diego (PhD, Cognitive Pych) • 1981-1983 MRC Applied Psychology Unit • 1983-1986 Software Engineer, Wang Labs • 1986-1989 Member of Technical Staff, MCC • 1989-1991 Professor, Aarhus • 1991-1998 Professor of Inf. & CS, UC Irvine • 1998- Senior Researcher, Microsoft Research

4. Cognitive Science and HCI • 1968-1972 BA, Math-Physics, Reed • 1972-1973 MS, Mathematics, Purdue • 1973-1976 Programmer, Wang Labs • 1976-1977 Psychology Department, Stanford • 1977-1981 UC San Diego (PhD, Cognitive Pych) • 1981-1983 MRC Applied Psychology Unit Tom Malone Bob Glushko Jim Hollan Allan MacLean George Furnas Gary Perlman Steve Draper Catherine Marshall Jeff Johnson Tom Erickson Ed Hutchins Nick Hammond John Black Allen Cypher Liam Bannon Phil Barnard…

5. Cognitive Science and HCI • 1968-1972 BA, Math-Physics, Reed • 1972-1973 MS, Mathematics, Purdue • 1973-1976 Programmer, Wang Labs • 1976-1977 Psychology Department, Stanford • 1977-1981 UC San Diego (PhD, Cognitive Pych) • 1981-1983 MRC Applied Psychology Unit Don Norman, UCSD Gary Olson, Michigan Peter Polson, Col. Dave Rumelhart, “” Judy Olson, Michigan John Black, Yale Herb Clark, Stanford Roger Schvaneveldt, New Mexico Micha Pavel, Stanford Don Foss, Texas… CHI’83 was overwhelmingly psychologists

6. Coming in on the Wave

7. Distributedteams Inter-organizational

9. Three Kinds of Computer User (60s-70s) • Operators(hands-on users of displays, printers, input devices) • Programmers(using flowcharts, paper coding sheets) • Users of reports and other output(reading text and viewing graphical output)

10. Two threads ofhuman-computer interactionresearch

11. The Receding Wave • KLM and GOMS • GUIs • Bridging the islands Few cognitive scientists are interested.

12. Stranded on the Beach • Searching for shelter • Cultivating new crops • Capturing design rationale • Computer supported cooperative work • Ubiquitous and pervasive computing • Universal accessibility • …

13. Cognitive Science and HCI • 1968-1972 BA, Math-Physics, Reed • 1972-1973 MS, Mathematics, Purdue • 1973-1976 Programmer, Wang Labs • 1976-1977 Psychology Department, Stanford • 1977-1981 UC San Diego (PhD Cognitive Pych) • 1981-1983 MRC Applied Psychology Unit • 1983-1986 Software Engineer, Wang Labs • 1986-1989 Member of Technical Staff, MCC • 1989-1991 Professor, Aarhus • 1991-1998 Professor of Inf. & CS, UC Irvine • 1998- Senior Researcher, Microsoft Research

14. Shifting Focus of Interface Development

15. Levels of Development Levels: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Users: Programmers End-users Groups Organizations Specialists: EE/CS HF&E & Psychology Anthro & Management Methods: Benchmarks Lab experiment Observation Events: Millisecs Secs Mins Hours Weeks & months & hours Generalityand High Low precision Evaluation Low Highcost

16. Opportunity (Seen From Outside) • Some traditional foci of cognitive / IS research • Decision making • Organization of information (printed or displayed) • Management of IT • Knowledge management • Major expansion: direct hands-on use by everyone

17. From Few to Many

18. From Few to Many

19. Five Parts of Organizations (Mintzberg, 1984) Strategic Apex Techno-structure Support Staff Middle Line Operating Core

20. Executives, Managers, Individuals Strategic Apex Middle Line Operating Core

21. Direct, Hands-On Technology Use • 1980’s: “Managers don’t type.” • Perin study of resistance by tech company managers • 1990’s: Managers as late adopters • CEO use rose from 21% (1989) to 76% (2002) • 2000’s: Managers as early adopters • Why the change? • New features & applications useful to managers • Graphical interfaces made learning & use easier • Use by friends, colleagues, at home helped learning • Use by professionals & kids erased secretarial stigma (1993) • Young individual contributors became middle-aged managers • Old managers disappeared

22. Direct, Hands-On Technology Use • 1980’s: “Managers don’t type.” • Perin study of resistance by tech company managers • 1990’s: Managers as late adopters • CEO use rose from 21% (1989) to 76% (2002) • 2000’s: Managers as early adopters • Implications • New process considerations for design, acquisition, deployment • New technology possibilities appear • Old technology possibilities disappear • Ways of using technology differ

23. Widely Distributed Applications • Email • Shared calendars • Real-time communication & application sharing • Shared workspaces • Browsers • IM? • Desktop video? • Vertical applications

24. Activity In Organizations Coordination Strategic Apex Information sharing Middle Line Communication Operating Core

25. Activity In Organizations All meetings Strategic Apex Many meetings Middle Line Few meetings Operating Core

26. Activity In Organizations Heavy Delegation Strategic Apex Some delegation Middle Line No delegation Operating Core

27. Activity In Organizations Very political Strategic Apex Efficacy/sensitivity tradeoff Middle Line Not political Operating Core

28. Thank you… jgrudin@microsoft.com http://research.microsoft.com/~jgrudin

29. Going from Few to Many Hands-on Users • Computers • Automobiles From human-computer interaction to digitally mediated human interaction From focus on displays and controls to focus on traffic

30. Conventions and Conformity Interaction well-defined, predictable behaviors Result: One set of behaviors? • No, some groups don’t interact with each other • No, some groups have different constraints to achieve greater efficiency or safety