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INTRODUCTION • Linux is an open-source, Unix-like operating system kernel. • Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991. • Forms the basis of many OS distributions (Ubuntu, Fedora, etc.). • Used in servers, desktops, mobile devices, and embedded systems.
HISTORY • 1969: Unix developed by AT&T Bell Labs. • 1991: Linus Torvalds creates the Linux kernel. • 1992: GNU tools integrated — birth of GNU/Linux. • 2000s: Rapid rise in popularity with distros like Ubuntu, Red Hat.
WHY USE LINUX ? • Free and open-source • Highly secure and stable • Flexible and customizable • Preferred for servers and development environments • Large and active community support
LINUX ARCHITECTURE Utilities: Various user programs Kernel: Core of the OS (memory, process management) Shell: Interface between user and kernel Hardware Layer
LINUX FILE SYSTEM STRUCTURE • / (Root) • /home: User files • /etc: Configuration files • /bin, /sbin: Essential binaries • /var: Logs and variable data • /usr: User-installed software
BASIC LINUX COMMANDS • ls: List files • cd: Change directory • pwd: Print working directory • cp, mv, rm: Copy, move, delete files • man: Manual pages • chmod, chown: Permissions and ownership
FILE PERMISSIONS THREE TYPES THREE USER LEVELS • READ (R) • WRITE (W) • EXECUTE (X) OWNER, GROUP, OTHERS
USER AND GROUP MANAGEMENT • adduser, userdel, passwd: User commands • groupadd, gpasswd: Group management • /etc/passwd, /etc/group: User and group files • su, sudo: Root access
PACKAGE MANAGEMENT • Debian-based (APT): apt-get, dpkg • Red Hat-based (YUM/DNF): yum, dnf, rpm • Installing software: sudo apt install package-name
NETWORKING BASICS • ifconfig, ip: Network interfaces • ping, netstat, ss: Connectivity • scp, rsync: File transfer • ssh: Secure remote login
USE CASES OF LINUX • Web servers (Apache, NGINX) • Cloud platforms and containers (AWS, Docker, Kubernetes) • Cybersecurity tools (Kali Linux) • Software development and DevOps • Internet of Things (IoT), Raspberry Pi
BENEFITS • Open Source & Free: No licensing fees; full access to source code. • Security: Minimal malware, fast patching, user privilege separation. • Stability & Performance: Ideal for servers and systems that run 24/7. • Customizability: Modify everything from the kernel to the desktop environment. • Community Support: Huge global support forums and documentation.
CARRIER OPPORTUNTIES • Linux System Administrator • DevOps Engineer • Cloud Engineer (AWS, Azure, GCP) • Site Reliability Engineer (SRE) • Technical Support Engineer
CONCLUSION • Linux is everywhere: From Android phones to NASA servers, Linux powers critical technology worldwide. • Learning Linux boosts career prospects: Essential for jobs in DevOps, cloud computing, cybersecurity, and software development. • Linux teaches real computing: You don’t just use a computer — you understand and control how it works. • No cost to get started: You can install Linux for free and start learning on almost any hardware.
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