1.Introduction&Orientation-New-2020

1. Human Anatomy Introduction

2. Anatomy, a field in the biological sciences concerned with the identification and description of the body structures of living things.

3. Gross anatomy refers to the study of those body structures large enough to be examined without the help of magnifying devices microscopic anatomy is concerned with the study of structural units small enough to be seen only with a light microscope

4. Comparative anatomy the other major subdivision of the field, compares similar body structures in different species of animals in order to understand the adaptive changes they have undergone in the course of evolution

5. Anatomical position – a common visual reference point • Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward • Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

6. Regional terms – names of specific body areas • Axial region – the main axis of the body • Appendicular region – the limbs • Directional terminology • Refers to the body in anatomical position • Standardized terms of directions are paired terms

7. Orientation and Directional Terms

8. Orientation and Directional Terms

9. Orientation and Directional Terms

10. Regional Terms

11. Regional Terms

12. Body Planes and Sections

13. Body Planes and Sections • Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts • Sagittal plane – lies vertically and divides the body into left and right sides. • Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline • Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior (up) and inferior (down) parts

14. Body Planes and Sections • Oblique section through the trunk Figure 1.6

15. Body Cavities and Membranes • Dorsal body cavity • Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. • Cranial cavity houses the brain. • Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord

16. Body Cavities and Membranes • Ventral body cavity – subdivided into: • Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts • Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity • Mediastinum –between two lungs, contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac,great vessels of the heart,esophagus, trachea &thymus gland

17. Body Cavities and Membranes • Ventral body cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts • Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs • Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

18. Body Cavities and Membranes • Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane • Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum • Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity • Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs

19. Body Cavities and Membranes

20. Other Body Cavities • Oral cavity • Nasal cavity • Orbital cavities • Middle ear cavities • Synovial cavities

21. BODY MEMBRANES: Are composed of thin layers of connective and epithelial tissue that serve to cover, separate ,and support visceral organs & line body cavities. Two basic types of body membranes; -mucus membranes and -serous membranes * Mucus membranes: secrete a thick ,viscid substance called mucus, it lubricates or protects the associated organs. * mucus membranes line various cavities and tubes that enter or exit from the body, such as the oral and nasal cavities and the tube of the respiratory ,reproductive ,urinary and digestive systems.

22. *Serous membranes: line the thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities and cover visceral organs, secreting a watery lubricant called serous fluid. *pleurae are serous membranes associated with the lungs. Each pleura (pleura of the rt. Lung and pleura of the lt. lung) has two parts. -visceral pleura adheres to the outer surface of the lung. -parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall and the thoracic surface of the diaphragm. The moistened space between the two pleurae is called the pleural cavity.

23. *Pericardial membranes :are serous membranes covering the heart. A thin visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart, and a thick parietal pericardium is the durable covering that surrounds the heart. The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial cavity. *serous membranes of the abdominal cavity called Peritoneal membranes: The parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall, and the visceral peritoneum covers the visceral organs.

24. The peritoneal cavity is the potential space within the abdominopelvic cavity between the parietal & visceral peritoneal membranes. The lesser omentum and the greater omentum are folds of the peritoneum that extend from the stomach to store fat, cushion and protect visceral organs of the abdominal cavity. *certain organs,e.g. kidneys,adrenal glands, and portion of the pancreas,which are within the abdominal cavity are positioned behind the parietal peritoneum and said retroperitoneal. *mesenteries; are double folds of peritoneum that connect the parietal to the visceral peritoneum.

25. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants • Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions

26. ABDOMEN: Located below the thorax. Umbilicus is the landmark on front and center of the abdomen. Divided in to nine regions in order to describe the location of internal organs. Region location internal organs - Rt. hypochondriac-Rt upper one 1/3 -Gall bladder,portions & of The abdomen of liver & rt kidney - Epigastric - upper ,median -stomach,duodenum Abdomen - Lt. hypochondriac - left upper one 1/3 – spleen,splenic Of abdomen Of abdomen flexure of colon, Portion of lt kidney - Rt. Lateral - rt.lateral one 1/3 - cecum,ascending Of abdomen colon,hepatic flexure, Portion of rt. Kid&small intestine

27. - umbilical - center of abdomen – jejunum,ileum, Duodenum,colon - left lateral - lt. lat. One 1/3 of - descending colon abdomen lt. kid. - Rt.inguinal - rt. Lower one 1/3 - appendix,portions Of abdomen of cecum & small Intestine - pubic(hypogastric) - lower center one - urinary bladder, 1/3 of abdomen sigmoid colon - Left inguinal - lt. lower one 1/3 - descending and Of abdomen sigmoid colon

28. The pelvic region; forms the lower portion of the abdomen consist of; - pubic area ,which covered with pubic hair in sexually mature individuals. - the perineum, is the region containing the sex organs and the anal canal. - lumber region; the center of the backside of the abdomen. - sacral region; located further down at the point where the vertebral column terminates. - buttock; or gluteal region- the large hip muscles

29. Abdominal Quadrants • Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants • Right upper and left upper quadrants • Right lower and left lower quadrants

30. FOUR TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES

31. EPITHELIAL TISSUE(COVERING) Tightly-joined closely-packed cells One side of epithelium exposed to air or internal fluid, other side attached to a basement membrane, a dense mat of extracellular matrix (connective tissue) Covers the outside of the body and lines the internal organs and cavities Barrier against mechanical injury, invasive microorganisms, and fluid loss Provides surface for absorption, excretion and transport of molecules

32. TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE Cell shape Squamous (flat & thin) Cuboidal (box or square) Columnar (rectangular) Number of cell layers Simple (one) Stratified (two or more) Pseudostratified (one but appears to be two) RELATE STRUCTURE TO FUNCTION!

33. CONNECTIVE TISSUE(FRAMEWORK) Main function: binding and support other tissues Large amount of extra-cellular matrix with fewer cells Connective tissue cells secrete the extra-cellular matrix Extracellular matrix consists of network of fibers in liquid, jelly-like or solid matrix

35. MUSCLE TISSUE(MOVEMENT) Composed of long cells called muscle fibers Contraction  movement

36. NERVOUS TISSUE(CONTROL) Senses stimuli and transmits signals called nerve impulses from one part of an animal to another Consists of a cell body and long extensions called dendrites (towards cell body) and axons (towards another cell or an effector) Axon Dendrite Cell body