POS 339/439: 09/20/2010

1. POS 339/439: 09/20/2010 • Website. • http://faculty.roosevelt.edu/erickson/courses/pos339-439/ • Course status: • Presentation selection – make sure you get them in. • Paper Assignment 1 due 9/29. • Course agenda. • Discussion of concepts introduced by readings. • Martin Chapter 4: Terror from Above State Terrorism. • Opening Viewpoint: State Terrorism as Domestic Policy in Central America. • Contras in Nicaragua. • Battalion 3-16 in Honduras. • ORDEN in El Salvador. • Guatemala – Plan Victoria 82. • State Terrorism in Middle East – Libya bombings and PFLP and Abu Nidal. • Sudan and Syria.

2. POS 339/439: 09/20/2010 • Terrorism as foreign policy and terrorism as domestic policy. • Political violence by the stat is the most organized and far reaching application of terrorist violence. • Many resources available to the state exceeds extent of other types of terrorism. • Why do governments use terrorism as an instrument of policy? • Internationally state defines interests in a number of ways – states can choose to behave unilaterally or cooperatively, cautiously or aggressively. • Domestically – state’s interests involve the need to maintain internal security and order. • States choose from a range of overt and covert options. • Terrorism by states is characterized by official government support for political violence, repression, and intimidation. • State terrorism conducted by personnel and unofficial agents used and encouraged by the state. • Invasion of East Timor by Indonesia as an example of state terrorism.

3. POS 339/439: 09/20/2010 . State as Terrorist: A State Terrorism Paradigm. • Models of State Terrorism. • Sponsors of terrorism. • Enablers of terrorism. • Cooperators in counterterrorism. • State terrorism incorporates many types of violence. • Warfare. • Genocide. • Assassinations. • Torture. • Understanding State Sponsored Terrorism. • Patrice Lumumba People’s Friendship University. • Usually covert secret policy. • State patronage for terrorism. • State assistance for terrorism. • State Sponsorship: The Patronage Model. • Patronage in Foreign Policy Domain.

4. POS 339/439: 09/20/2010 • US support for Contras state patronage model. • Patronage in Domestic Policy. • Rationalization. • Suppress clear and present danger to national security. • Maintain law and order during times of national crisis. • Protect fundamental cultural values that are threatened by subversives. • Restore stability to government institutions. • State Sponsorship: The Assistance Model. • Assistance in the foreign policy domain. • Support for politically violent proxy operating beyond its borders. • Plausible deniability built into the relationship between state and proxy. • Deny the link exists; admit link exists but product of rogue operation; admit or deny link but label as freedom fighters; blame movements adversary for creating environment of violence.

5. POS 339/439: 09/20/2010 • Assistance in Domestic Policy Domain. • Blame adversary for breakdown in order and call on people to assist government in restoring order. • Proxy violence is evidence of popular support. • Call on parties to cease hostilities but blame violence on adversary. • Assure everyone that government is seeking to restore order but regime is unable to immediately end violence. • Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution as example. • Violence Abroad: State Terrorism as Foreign Policy. • Latter half of 20th century many states used terrorism as foreign policy. • Advantages of state terrorism in foreign domain. • State terrorism is inexpensive. • State terrorism has limited consequences. • State terrorism can be effective.

6. POS 339/439: 09/20/2010 • Range of state terrorism as foreign policy. • Ideological support. • Financial support. • Military support. • Operational support. • Initiating terrorist attacks. • Direct involvement in terrorist attacks. • Moral Support: Politically Sympathetic Sponsorship. • Example: Iran support for Hezbollah, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and Hamas. • Technical Support. • Logistically supportive sponsorship – government provides aid and comfort to championed cause. • Example: Syrian support for Amal and Hezbollah. • Selective Participation. • Episode specific sponsorship.

7. POS 339/439: 09/20/2010 • Active Participation: Joint Operations. • Phoenix Program: American and Vietnamese cooperation against Viet Cong. • Violence At Home: State Terrorism as Domestic Policy. • Paramilitaries and Death Squads. • Apartheid. • Legitimizing State Authority. • State Domestic Authority. • Unofficial repression. • Repression as policy. • Mass repression: Genocidal state terrorism. • Unofficial Repression: Vigilante Domestic State Terrorism. • Repression as Policy: Official Domestic State Terrorism. • Chapter Perspective 4.3. • Social Cleansing. • Ethnic Cleansing.

8. POS 339/439: 09/20/2010 • Mass Repression: Genocidal Domestic State Terrorism. • Chapter Perspective 4.4 Anfal Campaign Domestic State Terrorism in Iraq. • Death Squads in Latin America. • Problem of Accountability: Monitoring State Terrorism.