A Pre Evaluation of Feasibility Factors for Technical Change to Reduce Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut Based Liveli

1. A Pre Evaluation of Feasibility Factors for Technical Change to Reduce Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut Based Livelihood Systems REVIEW OF THE PROCESS SO FAR - • Farmers practices and underlying reasons understood • Groundnut marketing systems and policy environment understood • Brainstorming by project team to put together potentially suitable technologies to produce aflatoxin free groundnuts and fodder feasibility assessed vis-à-vis potential constraints AT PRESENT – • A pre-evaluation aflatoxin reducing technologies carried out with the farmers of Ananthapur to assess feasibility and to understand potential constraints for adoption

2. RICH POOR WOMEN Fungicides Fungicides Seed treatment (Trichoderma) Seed treatment (Trichoderma) Seed treatment (Trichoderma) Bacteria to improve manure quality Improved storage methods Bacteria to improve manure quality Fungicides Sorting (of damaged, small immature pods) Aflatoxin resistant varieties Aflatoxin resistant varieties Removal of immature / left over pods from haulms Improved storage methods Application of Gypsum Aflatoxin resistant varieties Drying techniques (wind rowing) Early pod stripping / threshing without stacking by machines Application of FYM Application of FYM Improved storage methods Application of Gypsum Application of Gypsum Application of FYM Bacteria to improve manure quality Early pod stripping / threshing without stacking by machines Sorting (of damaged, small immature pods) Early pod stripping / threshing without stacking by machines Sorting (of damaged, small immature pods) Mulching (crop residues and manure’s) Mulching (crop residues and manure’s) Mulching (crop residues and manure’s) Drying techniques (wind rowing) Drying techniques (wind rowing) Removal of immature / left over pods from haulms Removal of immature / left over pods from haulms PAMPANUR Technology Any Two groups have Identical Choice Any two groups have close choice Do not Match

3. RICH POOR WOMEN Labor availability Labor cost Labor availability Labor cost Labor availability Work load / drudgery Work load / drudgery Work load / drudgery Cost Cost Crop quality Yield Market Yield Availability of inputs Crop quality Market Market Health Cost Labor cost Yield Health Health Resistance Resistance Resistance Availability of inputs Availability of inputs Crop quality Availability of machinery Availability of machinery Availability of machinery PAMPANUR Feasibility factors All Three groups have Identical choice Any Two groups have Identical Choice Any two groups have close choice Do not Match

4. RICH POOR WOMEN Aflatoxin resistant varieties, Fungicides Improved storage methods Aflatoxin resistant varieties, Fungicides Improved storage methods, Seed treatment (Trichoderma) Seed treatment (Trichoderma) Seed treatment (Trichoderma) Application of Gypsum Fungicides Application of Gypsum Application of FYM Application of FYM Application of FYM Bacteria to improve manure quality Application of Gypsum Improved storage methods Early pod stripping / threshing without stacking by machines Aflatoxin resistant varieties Bacteria to improve manure quality Sorting (of damaged, small immature pods) Bacteria to improve manure quality Early pod stripping / threshing without stacking by machines Sorting (of damaged, small immature pod Mulching (crop residues and manure’s) Early pod stripping / threshing without stacking by machines Mulching (crop residues and manure’s) Removal of immature / left over pods from haulms Mulching (crop residues and manure’s) Removal of immature / left over pods from haulms Drying techniques (wind rowing) Removal of immature / left over pods from haulms Drying techniques (wind rowing) Sorting (of damaged, small immature pods) Drying techniques (wind rowing) LINGANNAPALLI TECHNOLOGY All Three groups have Identical choice Any Two groups have Identical Choice Any two groups have close choice Do not Match

5. RICH POOR WOMEN Work load / drudgery Labor cost Cost Labor cost Work load / drudgery Labor cost Yield Labor availability Yield Crop quality Crop quality Labor availability Labor availability Cost Resistance Cost Yield Crop quality Market Availability of inputs Work load / drudgery Resistance Health Availability of inputs Health Market Health Availability of inputs Resistance Market Availability of machinery Availability of machinery Availability of machinery LINGANNAPALLI Feasibility factors All Three groups have Identical choice Any Two groups have Identical Choice Any two groups have close choice Do not Match

6. IN CONCLUSION - • Sensitivity to ‘Different Strokes’ • Apprehensions – Work load / Drudgery / Windrowing / Out turn effects • Economic Considerations – Costs / Availability / Access / _ _ _ • ‘ Market - ability ‘ – Acceptance / Access / Pricing / _ _ _ • Perceptions based on current experience – Bowine tastes, no effects on health, • Awareness – Sorting, storage, • Group Approach – to widen stakeholder base / reach the poor farmer • Coalitions – Partnerships for Aflatoxin Free Groundnuts