Chapter 29. Between Two Fires. After WWI. Innovations After WWI (sciences, arts, pop. culture). Voting:. Women Receive Right to Vote (In Most Western Countries) . Transportation: . Automobile And Highways Mass Marketed. Communication:. Radio Is Mass Marketed. New Ideas .
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HARLEM RENAISSANCE: • African Literary Movement • Why? • To Address Social Issues of the African American Community
Stream Of Consciousness: • Literary Technique Used By James Joyce • What Is It? • Continual Flow Of Thought In Writing • Why? • To Reflect All The Forces, External And Internal, Influencing The Psychology Of A Character • (modern novel) James Joyce
Artists And New Art Forms • Why? • War Transforms Life With Radical New Ideas • Artists (Like Counterpart Authors) Disillusioned After the War
Dada • Why? • To Express Absurdity/brutality Of Life Hannah Hoch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife Through the First Epoch of the Weimar Beer-Belly Culture,1919
Cubism • Geometric Shapes In Art Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907
Surrealism • Dreamlike Objects • To Explore Unconsciousness
Music And Dance • Non-traditional Styles • United States: Jazz • (Folk Songs, West African Rhythms, Harmonies From Europe, Slave Work Song ) • Swing Louis Armstrong
United States • Stronger Than European Countries • Why? • No Fighting On U.S. Soil.
United States • Do Not Want To Join League Of Nations • Why? • Do Not Want Foreign Entanglements • Expel Foreign-born Radicals (1919, 1920) • Why? • Fear Of Communism
Great Britain • Loses Power As Economic Leader • Why? • Overseas Markets Taken Over During The War
Great Britain • Factories Are Old And Outdated • Workers Demand Higher Wages, Strike. • Labour Party Becomes Second Leading Party
Great Britain • Loses Political Power • Why? • Establish Commonwealth Of Nations • (To Link Former Colonies/Dominions As Equals)
Great Britain • Uprising In Ireland: • Catholic South (Dominion) • Protestant North (Great Britain) • 1937 Ireland Becomes A Republic
France • Fear Of Another War • Why? • WWI Wreaks Havoc On France’s People And Land • (France Has Tough Time Rebuilding) • Political Parties Compete For Votes • Leads To Weak Gov’t • (With Extremists Threatening Stability)
France • Communists (1934) Appeal To Socialists • To Combat Fascism • Become Known As Popular Front
France • Build Fortifications Along France’s Eastern Borders (Maginot Line) • Why? • To Protect Against Germany • (Fail To Protect Border W/ Belgium)
The Rise Of Totalitarianism • Where (After WWI)? • Italy, Germany, Russia • What Is Totalitarianism? • The Total Control Of Government Over Individual • Two Forms (of Totalitarianism): • Fascism (Germany, Italy) • Communism (U.S.S.R.)
Fascism Glorifies State (Over Individual) One Party System With A Strong Ruler Aggressive Nationalism And Racism Allows Ownership of Private Property Communism Glorifies State (Over Individual) One Party System With A Strong Ruler Aggressive Nationalism And Racism Totalitarian Governments After WWI
Germany • After WWI: Germany Becomes A Democracy • (Weimar Republic) • Government Is Weak • The Republic Is Associated With the Loss Of WWI • Germany Has To Pay Cost Of War
Germany • Weak Republic: • Loss Of (Industrial) Ruhr Valley To France (Reparations) • Loss Of Industry+Printing Of More Money (For Expenses)= • Inflation
Germany • 1920- 1$= • 60-70 Marks • 1923- 1$= • 4,200,000,000,000 Marks
Adolf Hitler • Born In Austria • High School Drop Out • Studied In Vienna (Art And Architecture) • Believe Germans Are “Master Race”
Adolf Hitler • World War I War Hero (Receives 2 Iron Crosses) • After WWI, Joins Political Group: • Nationalist-Socialist German Workers’ Party • Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler • 1923 Hitler Attempts A Government Revolution • Revolution Fails • Hitler Imprisoned • In Prison, Writes Book: Mein Kampf
Mein Kampf • Blames Jews And Communists For WWI Defeat • Declares Germans A “Master Race” (Aryan Race)
Adolf Hitler • Elected Chancellor In 1933 • Why? • (Due To Continued Economic Depression) • 1933-Reichstag Burned • Arson Blamed On Communists • (Civil Liberties Are Stripped)
Adolf Hitler cont’d • Hitler Is Given More Power To Deal With “Threats” • Communists Are Arrested • Trade Unions Are Abolished Reichstag
Nuremberg Laws(1935) • Jews-1% Of German Population • Nuremberg LawsStrip Jews Of Citizenship • “Pure Must Not Mix With The Impure”
Hitler Takes Title • “Der Fuhrer” • Calls His Government The Third Reich • Reich=power/rule
The Third Reich • 1st Reich- • Germany Under Holy Roman Empire • 2nd Reich- • Germany Under Bismarck • 3rd Reich- • Under Hitler, To Rule For 1000 Years
German Economy • Hitler Restores Jobs • How? • Through Military Production • Violates The Treaty Of Versailles
Why Fascism In Italy? • WWI Veterans Find Little Work After War • Workers Go On Strike For Pay/benefits • Peasants Seize Land… • Conditions Set For The Rise Of Totalitarianism
Benito Mussolini • Rise of Mussolini • (Totalitarianism) • Also Due to Middle Class Fear of Communism • Workers Want Full Employment And Benefits
Mussolini • Mussolini Wants Italy To Be Returned To Greatness of Roman Empire • Mussolini Seizes Power • (Black Shirt Party Uses Physical Force)
Mussolini • King Names Mussolini Prime Minister • Many Favor Mussolini (But Don’t Like Fascism) • Mussolini Restores Order, Builds Up Military- Provides Jobs • Italy Invades Ethiopia (1935) • (in 1896 Italy lost war to Ethiopia/Abyssinia) • Italians View Fascism as a Better Alternative Than Communism
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