1 / 22

CrJ 132 Chapter Six Hostage Taking & Negotiations

CrJ 132 Chapter Six Hostage Taking & Negotiations. General thoughts on hostage taking Dramatic increase in last decade 2K reported – may be many more Increase in criminal/psychotic episodes Instant media coverage from anywhere Multiple demands for release:

Rita
Télécharger la présentation

CrJ 132 Chapter Six Hostage Taking & Negotiations

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CrJ 132 Chapter SixHostage Taking & Negotiations • General thoughts on hostage taking • Dramatic increase in last decade • 2K reported – may be many more • Increase in criminal/psychotic episodes • Instant media coverage from anywhere • Multiple demands for release: • Free prisoners – Money – Prison reform – Political change – Political asylum

  2. Hostage Taking & Negotiations • Earlier History • Richard the Lionhearted • Nazis in Czechoslovakia • More Current History • Columbia FARC & FLN – Ransom • Political Hostages • Israeli soldiers - Hamas & Hezbollah • Saddam in 1st Iraq War - Human Shields • Russian theater & Chechen rebels

  3. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsModern Political Hostage Taking • Four Objectives • Large sums of ransom $$ • Media attention & national or international recognition • Grassroots community support • Weaken free enterprise system by intimidating foreign investment • Free political prisoners in swap

  4. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsTypologies of Hostage Takers • Many models -use text- Table 6.1 • Based on motivation of hostage taker • Poland suggests: • Psychotic hostage takers • Criminal hostage takers • Political hostage takers

  5. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsPsychotic • Mentally deranged – Often suicidal – Angry – Seeks personal recognition – Often estranged from family – Barricaded suspect • Usually wants media exposure • Has considerable power because he/she is so unpredictable • Hard to negotiate with – Irrational

  6. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsCriminal • Fleeing felon – Prison inmate riots – Extortionist kidnapper – Barricaded suspect • Generally, most rational & predictable – seek to avoid arrest • 60% of all U.S. hostage situations • Fleeing crime scene & police arrive • Negotiation easier than with psychotic

  7. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsPolitical Hostage Taker • Social protestor, religious zealot, seeking vengeance, air hijackings • Reasons may be political, social, religious, or ethnic crusader • Strong commitment to ideology • Seek publicity & often prisoner release or payment • Often irrational, commitment to the “cause” – Preconceived demands & identified limits

  8. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsWhy Motivation Matters • Different motives require different responses • Different motives may require different negotiators • Different motives may involve different government agencies & ops. • Responsive actions driven by motivation -- helps coordinate tactical responses & strategies

  9. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsGeneral Negotiation Guidelines • Play for time - Initial minutes critical • Confusion, fear, unexpected response • Play for trust • Rapport with hostage taker • Reduces likelihood of harm to hostages • Self-disclosure – Empathy – Good listening – Personal interest in hostage takers problems & feelings – No outright rejection of demands

  10. Hostage Taking & Negotiations General Negotiation Guidelines • Play for the “Stockholm Syndrome” • Unconscious emotional response to the experience of victimization • Positive feelings of hostages toward hostage taker • Reciprocal, positive feelings of hostage takers toward hostages • Negative feelings toward police by hostage takers & hostages

  11. Hostage Taking & Negotiations“Stockholm Syndrome” • Not present in all hostage incidents • Absence of negative experiences during the incident (no beatings, rapes, etc.) • Not present if hostage taker dehumanizes the victim (beheadings) • However, with time, a bond of empathy often grows between victim & hostage taker

  12. Hostage Taking & Negotiations“Stockholm Syndrome” • Negotiators foster SS by: • Checking on health of hostages • Discussing family issues with “Perp” • Requesting information on treatment & condition of hostages • Stockholm Syndrome often saves lives of hostages & hostage takers • Police must resist early application of deadly force

  13. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsLondon Syndrome • A hostage or hostages continually challenges the hostage takers • Physically or verbally challenge • Threatened – “ Just you wait!” • Don’t argue with hostage takers, because normally they eliminate you • London incident – Achille Lauro incident

  14. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsGuidelines for Hostage Events • Trained negotiator is essential • Well-trained, elite response force • Media cooperation • Clear chain of command • Identification of response personnel • Identification of hostage takers and numbers, if possible

  15. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsGuidelines for Hostage Events • Avoid shifts in location if possible • Keep relatives away – audience • Totally nonnegotiable • New weapons, explosives or ammo • No exchange of hostages • No concessions without something in return • No drugs, narcotics or alcohol

  16. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsNegotiator Strategies • Play for time • Tricks are deceit are dangerous tactics – more successful with psychotics & criminals • No promises you can’t keep • Preferred style is one of mutual concession -compromise, problem solving, and “give & take”

  17. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsHostage Rescue • Question - When to use force? • Mixed record of successful results • Perfect timing & surprise • Hostage lives at risk • “Disproportionate Force” • Expect media “second-guessing”

  18. Hostage Taking & Negotiations U.S. Attempt - Not Successful • Iranian hostages & rescue attempt • 53 Americans captured at Embassy – during rescue, location was unknown • Multiple services involved – equipment problems & coordination difficulties • Ambitious, daring rescue plan • 8 rescuers died – bodies left behind • Great propaganda victory for Iran • No test questions on “Good Guys”

  19. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsOther Rescue Attempts • Rescue at Entebbe Airport • Great Israeli intel & insight & surprise • French Aircraft at Marseille - GIA • Killed 3, released women & children • Attempt to create a “flying bomb” • Peruvian Embassy Party - tunnels • Russia and the Chechen hostage takers at the Opera – poison gas

  20. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsSurviving a Hostage Taking • Most critical times are capture & release • 75% casualties during rescue/release • Remain calm & don’t panic • Avoid unnecessary movement/noise • Don’t argue & show cooperation • Long captivity - exercise, maintain humor - establish routine & empathy

  21. Hostage Taking & NegotiationsOutlook • Will continue to escalate: • Cost-effective extortion & ransom • Publicity - Palestinians, Chechens, etc. • It works, expect in countries with efficient police, trusted by populace • It works, except with repressive govts. • Effective deterrence: • Security & “no-ransom” policy

  22. Hostage Taking & Negotiations QUESTIONS?

More Related