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Herbal Supplements in The USA

Herbal Supplements in The USA. The Top Ten Herbs Steven A. Witherly, Ph.D. Sao Paulo, 1999. Talk Outline. USA Marketplace Herbals Herbal Regulations Herbal Concerns Top Ten USA Herbals. Garlic (1) Ginkgo SJW Echinacea Ginseng. Saw Palmetto Kava Kava Grape Seed Extract Bilberry

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Herbal Supplements in The USA

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  1. Herbal Supplements in The USA The Top Ten Herbs Steven A. Witherly, Ph.D. Sao Paulo, 1999

  2. Talk Outline • USA Marketplace Herbals • Herbal Regulations • Herbal Concerns • Top Ten USA Herbals

  3. Garlic (1) Ginkgo SJW Echinacea Ginseng Saw Palmetto Kava Kava Grape Seed Extract Bilberry Ginger (10) Top Ten USA Herbals

  4. Supplement Usage “68% US People use Supplements” Increases 3% per year NutraCon 99, Book 4

  5. Multi’s (1) Vitamin E Calcium Vitamin C Children’s vitamin Potassium B- Complex Iron B12 Zinc (10) Top Ten V/M Categories (US) Total = 5.6 Billion per year, 1999 FDC Hartman Group, July 99

  6. SJW Ginkgo Garlic Echinacea Ginseng Saw Palmetto Melatonin Chamomile Kava Kava Ginger Doctors/Pharmacists: 1998 Physician Herbal Attitude Study NutraCon 1999

  7. Germany France Italy UK 3.0 Billion 1.8 Billion 0.8 Billion 0.5 Billion Herbal Remedies 1997

  8. Ginkgo SJW Saw Palmetto Valerian Ginseng Garlic Echinacea Horse Chestnut Black Cohosh Vitex Agnus Top 10 European Botanicals 1997 NutraCon 1998

  9. USA Self Care Industry Food $480B Nutrition $26B Functional Foods Cosmetics $36B Drug $110B NBJ, 4, 1999

  10. American Home Products Bayer Warner-Lambert Centrum One-a-Day (7) Quanterra Drug Company and Herbs Brands Company Operating Profit Herbs is 20%

  11. Why Herbals? 76 Million Baby Boomers entering middle age in USA.

  12. Ma Huang Aspirin and Tylenol Prescription Drugs 13 deaths (maybe) >20,000 deaths (verified) >100,000 yr. Level Playing Field? F.L.N.N. Aug. 18, 1999

  13. Herbals & Disease Claims • DSHEA: Specifically Forbidden • FDA: “menopause” is a disease (gray hair) • Use health & wellbeing messages

  14. Eye Sight Cancer Energy CVD Arthritis High Cholesterol Blood Pressure Stress Mental Acuity Blood Triglycerides (Diabetes) Top Ten Health Concerns

  15. Garlic Actions • 300+ Studies!!! • Stimulates body’s immune system • Lowers risk of Hearth Disease & Stroke • Lowers Cholesterol & Blood Pressure • Slows Tumor Growth • Powerful Lipid Antioxidant • Relaxes arterioles, increases flexibility Environ Health Perspect. 107, A136, 1999

  16. Garlic & Aortic Elasticity • 100 Healthy Adults (50-80 years) • > 300mg/day garlic extract for 2 years • Garlic powder stopped age-related increased in aortic stiffness. Circulation, 1997, 96: 2649-

  17. Garlic Mechanism • Nitric Oxide synthetase activity • platelet aggregation • fibrinolytic activity • “Others?”

  18. Echinacea I • Latin Name: Echinacea purpurea • Parts Used: Pressed whole plant • Standardized: Echinacoside, chlorogenic, cichoric acid, polysaccharides • Wild populations diminished

  19. Echinacea II • No disease prevention activity • 10-15% reduction in URI symptoms • Treat early with large amounts • Stop using after 14+ days

  20. Ginkgo biloba • 400 + studies. Best Researched. • Dry Extract from Ginkgo Leaf. • 22-27% flavone glycosides • 5-7% terpene lactones • Expensive, Difficult Extraction

  21. Ginkgo biloba • Improves cerebrovascular circulation • Brain / Eye antioxidant • Inhibits platelet - activating factor • Improve cognition function - brain wave studies • Tinnitis / Vertigo / Impotency / Alzheimer’s / Depression Herbclip, May 98

  22. Saw Palmetto • Berry of Serenoa repens (Florida) • Fatty Acids: Active Ingredient • Used as Food by Florida Indians • Prescription drug in USA (Eli Lilly) in the 1930’s!!!

  23. Saw Palmetto Clinicals II • 100+ Studies • Widely accepted: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) • 50% all males > 50 get BPH • Does (nothing) for prostate cancer! • “Make Urinary tract work better”

  24. Saw Palmetto III • Does not shrink prostate • Works 50% of the time after 2 months • Active: Lauric and oleic acid derivative • Mechanism still unknown

  25. Bilberry • Vaccinium myrtillus (berry) core is purple, blueberry is light blue • Actives: anthocyanidins (5 Types) Caffeic & Chlorogenic Acids • Extract: min 25% Anthos • Dosage: 160 mg 3x/day • Cost: @ $300-$500 per Kilo

  26. Bilberry Activity • Nightime Visual Acuity • Cataracts treatment / Diabetic retinopathy • Macular degeneration • Urinary complaints

  27. Bilberry Pharmacology • Antho stabilized collagen, synthesis • Antho Potent Antioxidant Activity • Antho Histamine Release ( cAMP) • Platelet Aggregation • [Myrtillin] active [Hypoglycemia] • Gastric Mucus • Crosses BBB Brain capillaries

  28. Grape Seed Extract • Water / ethanol extract of Vitis vinifera • Mixture of proanthocyanidin polymers (PCO) • 90+% PCO’s / Expensive: @ $500.00/kg

  29. Grape Seed Usage • Hundreds of studies [High Quality] • Superior Antioxidant [Cell Membranes] • Atherosclerosis Prevention • Diabetic Complications (Brain) • Eye Disorders -- M.D. / Cataracts • Varicose Veins / Cellulite

  30. Grape Seed Pharmacology • Helps cross-link collagen • Traps [OH] radicals [50x Vit. C] • Cholesterol in arteries • Platelet aggregation

  31. Ginger • Zingiber officinale • Rhizome from perennial herb • Actives: sesquiterpenes; aromatic ketones • Usage: nausea / vomiting / motion sickness / arthritis / migraine headaches

  32. Ginger Pharmacology I • Potent antioxidant-fat and water soluble • Inhibits: prostaglandins; thromboxane and certain leukotrienes • Inhibits platelet aggregation (strong) • CHOL absorption & CHOL excretion • Inhibits substance P production • Serotonin receptor antagonist [gut]

  33. Ginger Pharmacology II • Similar to Dramamine for motion sickness • Must take many hours before • Antiemetic Actions • High Level: Muscle pain • Migraines (Serotonin)

  34. Kava Kava • Perennial; pepper family member (Fiji) (Piper methysticum) • Rhizomes - 4/5 year old harvested • Actives: Fat-Soluble kavalactones Unidentified Actives

  35. Kava Pharmacology I • Mild Sedative & Anxiolytic • Mechanisms, (central effects) unknown • Unique Pain Relief • No known tolerance • Numbing effect similar to cocaine

  36. Kava Pharmacology II • EU countries approval: anxiety, insomnia • Clinical tested against valium • No drowsiness; Memory! • Need 45-75mg kavalactones 3X/day • No Adverse effects

  37. Ginseng • American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) • Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) • Panax Ginseng (Korean or Chinese) • Other Ginsengs: • Maca (Peruvian) • Blue Ginseng (Jiagulan) • Ashwaganda (Indian Ginseng)

  38. Siberian Ginseng • Not related to Panax • Actives: eleutherosides A-G • Adaptogenic Antistress activity (35+ studies) • AO / Chol. And Liver / Stim. Protein Synthesis • Chronic Fatigue syndrome studies • Sexual activity in animals

  39. Panax Ginseng • 1000+ Studies • German C.A. Meyer Extract Studied (Indena) • Triterpene saponins (Steroidal) / Glycans/ Adenosine derivatives • Sexual (NO) activity / Anti-Depression • Many conflicting studies - quality of extract • Anti-Tumor actions / Chol./ Stickiness • Nerve Growth Factor

  40. Panax Ginseng “Many US Formulas contain only trace amounts of Ginseng”. Michael Murray

  41. American Herbal Phamacopoeia • Monograph Development • Acceptable Analytical Methods • Identification / Purity Studies Goal= 300 Monographs

  42. Possible Herb/Drug Interact. Drug Herb Adverse Corticosteroids Licorice H2O Balance Prosac SJW Weakness Antipsychotic Ginseng/Yohimbe Ephedra Strange Effects NSAIDS Antiplatelet Herbs Bleeding Valium Kava Coma?

  43. Ginkgo Ginseng Saw Palmetto Valerian Garlic Feverfew SJW Echinacea Herbal Stability Worst Best

  44. Herbal Problems • Std. Herbs or “Weeds & Seeds”??? • Absorption Kinetics??? • Stability Data (of what???) • Just what are the active anyway?

  45. ? Herbal Drugs Cure

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