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Building Foundations

Building Foundations. Foundation Walls. A base Monolithic construction Independent construction. Footings. Spread footings Undisturbed soil. Foundation-Wall Footings. Prevent settling or cracks Minimum of 12” below grade. Below frost line Thickness = thickness of foundation wall

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Building Foundations

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  1. Building Foundations Foundation Walls

  2. A base Monolithic construction Independent construction Footings

  3. Spread footings Undisturbed soil Foundation-Wall Footings

  4. Prevent settling or cracks Minimum of 12” below grade. Below frost line Thickness = thickness of foundation wall Width = 2x thickness of foundation wall Footing Design

  5. Rebar embedded 2 lengths of ½” diameter (#4) rebar Positioned minimum of 3” above bottom Footing Reinforcement

  6. Form steel, lumber, or combination of lumber & plywood. Keyway Footing Forms

  7. Pier and post Stepped Footings Other Types of Footings

  8. 4” diameter pipes at base of footing Carries water away from house. Sloped at least 1/8” per foot Landscaping Fabric Footing Drains

  9. Durable & water resistant Most building sites Support any type of house 8 –10” thick Min. compressive strength 2500 psi Most 8’ high Poured-Concrete Foundation Walls

  10. Formwork Reusable forms Wales Full Height Walls

  11. Wood or metal Built on site Prefabricated forms Snap-ties 3 –7 days Standard Wall Forms

  12. ICFs (Insulating Concrete Forms) Permanent Basic components planks, sheets, or hollow blocks Standard wall Grid wall Insulating Wall Forms

  13. Poured continuously without interruption Cold joint Water content Remove Air pockets Concrete vibrator (stinger) Placement

  14. Advantage – reduced cost Soil cover Ventilated Insulated Piers support Crawl-space Walls

  15. Rebar centered in wall Lintel Reinforcing Concrete Walls

  16. Anchor bolts Metal strap anchors Sill sealer Sill Plate Anchors

  17. Special features: Brick-veneer siding Utility Sleeves Foundation Wall Details

  18. Metal vents Rust-resistant steel frame windows Wood framing (pressure treated) Foundation Vents And Windows

  19. Girder flush with top of sill plate Beam Pockets

  20. Wood wedges (no metal pry bars) Stiff bristle (not wire) brush Form-release agent – Bio-slick Stripping and Maintaining Forms

  21. Bituminous (tar) coating Top of footings to finished grade level Moisture Protection

  22. Filling in excavation area Too soon, push in foundation walls First floor framing Temporary bracing Backfilling

  23. Popular for foundation walls No formwork Blocks inexpensive Work stopped and started Concrete Block Walls

  24. Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Head Joint Bed Joint Common bond Pilasters Protect from freezing & moisture Concrete Block Basics

  25. Brick hammer and chisel Portable masonry saw Cutting Block

  26. Mortar bond strength depends on: Type & quantity Workability, or plasticity Surface texture bedding areas Rate at which masonry units absorb moisture from mortar Water retention Skill of person laying block Mortar

  27. Portland cement, hydrated lime, sand, & water. Prepackaged mortar mix Type N Type M Type S Type O Mortar Mixtures

  28. Evaporation Hydration 2 ½ hour when air temp is 80ºF or higher 3 ½ hours when air temp is below 80ºF. Mixing and Placing Mortar

  29. Skilled masons Corners built first Story pole (course pole) Laying Block Foundation Walls

  30. Control joint Intersections

  31. Weather tight joints & neat block walls “Thumbprint hard” Tooling compacts Head joints, then bed joints Tooling the Joints

  32. Hollow block walls capped Strengthened with rebar Completing the Walls

  33. Damp proofed or waterproofed Parging Moisture Protection

  34. Colorless & odorless radioactive gas Extremely toxic Lung cancer Soluble in water 9X heavier than air Radon

  35. Gas-permeable layer Soil-gas retarder Sealants Vent pipe Cap course Radon-Resistant Construction

  36. Review • What is the minimum depth required for an exterior-wall footing? • Describe the type and position of reinforcement that is commonly added to strengthen a footing. • What is a keyway and how is it formed? • For nearly all poured-concrete foundation walls, formwork must be constructed for each wall face. What holds the formwork together? • What creates a cold joint? • Why are the joints in a concrete block wall tooled? • When using mortar, why is it helpful to know the differences between hydration and evaporation?

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