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Comparative Anatomy Respiratory System

Respiratory System. Gas exchange systemOxygen and carbon dioxideFish- internal gills or lungsSome amphibians- permanent external gills (perennibranchiate)Others possess lungs. Accessory respiration organsAmphibian skin. Figure 12.1: Adaptations for cutaneous respiration (hairy frog).. Fish Respiratory System.

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Comparative Anatomy Respiratory System

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    1. Comparative Anatomy Respiratory System Note Set 10 Chapter 11

    3. Accessory respiration organs Amphibian skin

    4. Fish Respiratory System Gills associated with walls of pharyngeal arches Internal gills Operculum- flap of skin covering gills Spiracle- reduced 1st pharyngeal arch opening Nonfunctional Not in higher fish

    5. Swim Bladder & Lungs Every vertebrate has lung diverticulum Pneumatic sac Which came first? Physoclistous Esophagus not connected to swim bladder Physostomous Trachea to lungs or pneumatic sac

    6. Lung diverticulum came first Then pneumatic duct in teleosts Swim bladder was possibly a secondary modification of lung Primitive Fish Have Primitive Lung

    7. Swim Bladder Red glands (gas glands)- network of small arteries Provide oxygen to swim bladder

    8. Swim Bladder (cont.) Weberian ossicles Swim bladder may act as sound chamber

    9. Tetrapod Lungs Diaphragmatic muscles pull the liver posteriorly via an attachment to the posthepatic septum in crocodilians Most turtles also use diaphragmatic muscles to alter volume of cavity within the shell.

    10. Avian Lungs Birds- modified lungs and ducts Air sacs associated with lungs Increase respiratory capacity for flight

    11. Trachea Passageway to lungs Larynx- voice box at head Laryngeal cartilages Sound produced- vocal sac Snake hissing- expulsion of air from lungs

    12. Trachea Birds- Syrinx instead of larynx Lower end of trachea Not homologous to larynx Incapable of producing sound Mammals- man has larynx Different cartilages Epiglottis over glottis to larynx Diaphragm

    13. Accessory Respiratory Organs Yolk sac In embryo Skin Many fish and amphibians Ex: African Clawed frog (Xenopus)- chin barbels Rectum & Cloaca Highly vascularized in some fish Ex: Aquatic turtles

    14. Literature Cited Figure 12.1 & 12.4: Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002. Figure 12.2, 12.3, 12.7, 12.9 & 12.11: Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001. Figure 12.5: http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryWZ.html#W Figure 12.6: http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryC.html Figure 12.8: http://www.voiceproblem.org/anatomy/learning.asp Figure 12.10: http://www.voiceproblem.org/anatomy/learning.asp

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