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西方文化的源頭

西方文化的源頭. 董 崇 選 中興大學外文系教授 「懂更懂」學習英文網站負責人 網址： dgdel.nchu.edu.tw. I. 何謂 「文化」？. 《 辭海 》 ：人類社會由野蠻而至文明，其努力所 得之成績，表現於各方面者，為科學、 藝術、宗教、道德、法律、風俗、習慣 等，其綜合体，則謂之文化。 Culture : The ideas, customs, skills, arts, etc. of

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西方文化的源頭

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  1. 西方文化的源頭 董 崇 選 中興大學外文系教授 「懂更懂」學習英文網站負責人 網址：dgdel.nchu.edu.tw

  2. I. 何謂 「文化」？ • 《辭海》：人類社會由野蠻而至文明，其努力所 得之成績，表現於各方面者，為科學、 藝術、宗教、道德、法律、風俗、習慣 等，其綜合体，則謂之文化。 • Culture: The ideas, customs, skills, arts, etc. of a given people in a given period. (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1985) • 按：文者紋也，理也，質之對。文辭、文字、道 藝皆「文」「化」之工具，「文」「化」之 後，始見其真、其善、其美。

  3. II. 何謂「西方文化」？ • 西方有大西洋 (the Atlantic Ocean) 大西洋兩岸有美洲、歐洲、非洲 • 西方文化以歐美文化為主 • 今日其他各洲皆受西方文化之入侵、影響、與支配

  4. III. 西方文化的源頭： • 時間：c. 850 B.C.? 與 c. 750 B.C.? • 地點：地中海 (the Mediterranean Sea) 四周 • 民族：the Greeks and the Jews • 語言：Hellenic (古希腊語)，Hebrew (古閃族語) • 文類：mythological (神話的)，religious (宗教的) • 代表作：the Homeric epics (荷馬的史詩)， The Bible (聖經)

  5. IV. 荷馬的史詩： • 作品：The Iliad (伊里亞德) & The Odyssey (奧迪賽) • 內容：the Trojan War (c. 1200 B.C.) for Ilios (Troy) or for Helen Odysseus’ homeward wanderings • 趣事：a. The Golden Apple: “To the fairest” Peleus & Thetis, Eris (Discord) Hera, Athena, Aphrodite Zeus, Paris, Helen, Menelaus, Agamemnon

  6. To the Fairest

  7. IV. 荷馬的史詩： • 趣事：b. Achilles’ Anger: Agamemnon, Chryseis, Apollo Briseis, Achilles, Patroclus, Hector, Priam • c. The Escape from Sirens: Odysseus and his men, the Sirens Filling ears with beeswax, tying to the mast • d. The Chaste Penelope: 50 suitors, weaving a shroud, Telemachus, Odysseus’ bow

  8. Achilles and Patroclus

  9. Odysseus & the Sirens

  10. Penelope & her Suitors

  11. V. 聖經 (The Bible)： • 包括：the Old Testament, the New Testament (& the Apocrypha) • 舊約：共 39 Books (篇) in 6 groups (類) written originally in Hebrew： History, Prophetic Books, Lyric Poetry Drama, Wisdom Literature, Tales • 故事：Genesis: the creation of the world and man, the fall of Adam and Eve, Noah’s flood, the Tower of Babel

  12. Tower of Babel

  13. V. 聖經 (The Bible)： • Exodus: the escape by the Jews from their bondage in Egypt, led by Moses, crossing the Red Sea, wandering 40 years in the Sinai wilderness, reaching Canaan. • “The Book of Job” (drama): the problem of evil. Satan, God, Job, the Voice out of the Whirlwind theodicy (神義論) • “Jonah and the Whale” (tale): Jehovah wanted the prophet to preach in Nineveh. Rebelliousness & selfishness; universality & mercifulness of God.

  14. Job suffering from boils

  15. Moses & Tablet

  16. VI. 二源 即 二元： • The Hellenic TraditionThe Hebraic Tradition 希腊的：神話的文化希伯萊的：宗教的文化 Mythological culture Religious culture Polytheistic 多神 Monotheistic 單神 Humanism 人文主義Theism 神文主義 Hedonism 享樂 Asceticism 禁慾 For this world 今生 For the other world 來世 Secular life 世俗生話Divine life 神明生活 Id (抑德) & Ego (本我) Super-ego (超我)

  17. VII. 至今的影響： • 建築、雕刻： • 繪畫、音樂： • 戲劇、文學、電影： • 日常生活： • It’s a choice between Scylla and Charybdis. • We are David and Jonathan.

  18. Scylla and Charybdis

  19. David and Jonathan

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