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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2013–2014 Update Tenth Edition

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2013–2014 Update Tenth Edition. Joshua S. Goldstein Jon C. Pevehouse. Chapter Seven: International Organization, Law, and Human Rights. Southern Sudan rebels arrive for joint exercise with government, 2008. 7.1 Roles of International Organizations.

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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2013–2014 Update Tenth Edition

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  1. INTERNATIONALRELATIONS2013–2014 UpdateTenth Edition Joshua S. Goldstein Jon C. Pevehouse Chapter Seven: International Organization, Law, and Human Rights

  2. Southern Sudan rebels arrive for joint exercise with government, 2008.

  3. 7.1 Roles of International Organizations • Anarchic nature of international system based on state sovereignty • States work together • Rules that govern most interactions in IR • Agreed norms of behavior • Power of international norms and standards of morality • Shared norms and habits may not suffice to solve international dilemmas • International organizations

  4. NOT THE NORM International norms are evolving in such areas as humanitarian intervention and human rights. These norms help define the roles of international organizations. One of their areas of concern is the use of child soldiers, like this ten-year-old Libyan rebel in 2011. Another concern, the protection of civilians from slaughter, inspired NATO intervention in the Libya conflict.

  5. International Organizations • Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) • Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) • Global or regional or bilateral in scope • General or specific functional purposes • Regional IGOs - European Union, Association of South East Asian Nations, Southern Cone Common Market, African Union • Global IGOs - UN, Intelsat, OPEC • NGOs - more specialized in function than IGOs

  6. 7.1 Roles of International OrganizationsQ: National leaders can expect certain behaviors from their international counterparts. These are known as __________. • international covenants • international norms • international standards • global expectations

  7. Answer: • B) international norms

  8. True-False: • The European Union is a global IGO.

  9. Answer: • False

  10. 7.2 The United Nations • The UN system • The Security Council • Peacekeeping Forces • The Secretariat • The General Assembly • UN programs • Autonomous agencies

  11. MyLab Media • Video: UN Aid in Somalia • http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_longman_media_1/2013_mpsl_video/UN_Aid_in_Somalia/index.html • Please log into MyPoliSciLab with your username and password before accessing this link.

  12. The UN System • Purpose • Structure of the UN • History

  13. MAKING PROGRESS The United Nations has very limited powers and resources, yet the world places great hopes in the UN when national governments cannot solve problems. Sometimes the UN seems to need an assist, like this vehicle in 2010 in Western Sahara, where the peace process itself has been stuck for many years.

  14. The Security Council • Maintains international peace and security • Resolutions • Permanent members • Nonpermanent members • Powers • Proposed changes

  15. COUNCIL OF POWER Collective security rests with the UN Security Council, which has authorized such military interventions as the Gulf War and the 2001 campaign in Afghanistan. Military actions not approved by the Council—such as the 1999 bombing of Serbia and the 2003 U.S.-British invasion of Iraq—tend to be controversial. Here, Serbia’s president (left end of table) objects to Kosovo’s claim of independence from Serbia, 2008. With the permanent members split on the issue—Russia and China backed Serbia while the United States, Britain, and France recognized Kosovo— the Council did not take action.

  16. Peacekeeping Forces • Borrowed from armies of member states • Peacekeeping missions • Recent missions • Peace building • Observing and peacekeeping • Peacemaking

  17. The Secretariat • Secretary-General • Staff • Purposes

  18. DIPLOMATIC MOVES The UN secretary-general has a lofty mission but limited power and resources. Ban Ki-moon, here learning some dance moves from fellow South Korean PSY in 2012, faces daunting tasks, serving multiple bosses (the member states) with a tight budget.

  19. The General Assembly • Membership • Sessions • Powers

  20. ASSEMBLY OF EQUALS The universal membership of the United Nations is one of its strengths. All member states have a voice and a vote in the General Assembly, where state leaders rotate through each autumn. Here, the president of Palestine, which hopes to join the UN as soon as the Security Council allows it, addresses the Assembly in 2011.

  21. UN Programs • Funded partly by General Assembly allocations • UN Environment Program (UNEP) • UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) • Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) • UN Relief Works Agency (UNRWA) - Palestinian refugees • UN Development Program (UNDP) • UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) • Human Rights Council

  22. HELPING WHERE NEEDED An array of UN programs, operating under the General Assembly, aim to help countries in the global South to overcome social and economic problems. These programs play a crucial role in the international assistance after disasters and wars. This girl displaced by ethnic violence in Kyrgyzstan in 2010 receives help from UNICEF.

  23. Autonomous Agencies • UN General Assembly maintains formal ties with international agencies not under its control • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) • World Health Organization (WHO) • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) • International Labor Organization (ILO) • UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) • UN Industrial Development Organization • International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

  24. Autonomous Agencies (cont.) • Universal Postal Union (UPU) • International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) • International Maritime Organization (IMO) • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) • World Meteorological Organization (WMO) • UN-affiliated agencies • World Bank, International Monetary Fund • World Trade Organization

  25. 7.2 The United NationsQ: The UN’s peacekeeping forces are __________. • a standing army ready to be deployed at a moment’s notice • assembled by the secretary-general each time a mission is deemed necessary • able to serve in a country even if the government does not want them there • funded out of the general UN budget

  26. Answer: • B) assembled by the secretary-general each time a mission is deemed necessary

  27. True-False: • An early example of the granting of authority for peacekeeping forces was the Suez crisis in 1956.

  28. Answer: • True

  29. 7.3 International Law • Sources of International Law • Enforcement of International Law • The World Court • International Cases in National Courts

  30. Sources of International Law • No legislative branch or central authority • Treaties • Custom • General principles of law • Legal scholarship

  31. Enforcement of International Law • Difficult to enforce • Dependent upon

  32. The World Court (International Court of Justice) • The Hague, Netherlands • Optional clause • Main use • Regional courts

  33. ALL RISE The World Court hears international disputes, but with little power to enforce judgments. Here, in 2004, the judges rule in favor of Mexico’s complaint that the U.S. death penalty against Mexican citizens violated a 1963 treaty.

  34. International Cases in National Courts • Advantages • Limits

  35. 7.3 International LawQ: International law depends on collective action, international norms for enforcement, and __________. • reciprocity • organizations • laws • courts

  36. Answer: • A) reciprocity

  37. True-False: • Recognized by the World Court as subsidiary to the others, one source of international law is historical scholarship.

  38. Answer: • False

  39. 7.4 Law and Sovereignty • Laws of Diplomacy • Just War Doctrine

  40. Laws of Diplomacy • Diplomatic recognition • Embassies • Diplomatic immunity • Diplomatic pouch • Breaking diplomatic relations

  41. OUT OF REACH International law prohibits attacks on diplomats and embassies. This fundamental principle, like others in international law, is ultimately enforced through reciprocity. When the founder of Wikileaks took refuge in the Ecuadorian embassy in London to avoid extradition to Sweden, the British government considered coming in and taking him, but thought better of it. Here, after six months in residency, he delivers a speech from the embassy balcony, 2012.

  42. Just War Doctrine • Laws of war • Just wars vs. wars of aggression

  43. 7.4 Law & SovereigntyQuestion: Which of the following undermines the laws of warfare? • A) The increase in the issuance of declarations of war by participants • B) The just-war doctrine • C) The convening of war crimes tribunals • D) The increase in nonconventional warfare

  44. Answer: • D) The increase in nonconventional warfare

  45. True-False: • Diplomats, once accredited, enjoy special rights and protections in host countries.

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