Dysfunctional uterine Bleeding

1. Dysfunctional uterine Bleeding Gem Ashby MD OB/GYN

2. Cancer Support Services is committed through a spirit of volunteerism to the care of persons with cancer and to bring comfort and support to the affected relatives and dependents.

6. Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding DUB • Bleeding is heavier (passing large clots, soaking through a sanitary pad or tampon every hour for 2 - 3 hours in a row) • Bleeding or spotting that occurs between periods • Time between menstrual periods changes with each cycle • Bleeding lasts for more days than normal

7. Causes of DUB • GYN cancers • Anovulation • Fibroids • Polyps • Systemic illness

8. Work up for dub • History and exam • Blood work/PAP smear • Pelvic US • Endometrial biopsy • D&C, hysteroscopy

9. A: Cervical cancer B: Endometrial(Uterine) cancer C: Ovarian cancer Which two cause DUB? Which one has been linked to a viral infection? Which one is often diagnosed at a very late stage?

10. Cervical cancer

11. Cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer in women in the world • Third greatest cause of death from cancer in women • 90% of cervical cancer is cause by HPV • Of the estimated more than 270 000 deaths from cervical cancer every year, more than 85% occur in developing countries Stats from WHO

12. Cervical cancer and dub • Early cervical cancer is frequently asymptomatic • The most common symptoms at presentation are: • Abnormal bleeding • Postcoital bleeding • Vaginal discharge that may be watery, mucoid, or purulent and malodorous

15. Treatment of cervical • Surgery to remove the cancer • Radiation therapy, which uses high-dose X-rays or implants in the vaginal cavity to kill cancer cells. It is used for certain stages of cervical cancer. It is often used in combination with surgery • Chemotherapy, which uses medicines to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used to treat advanced cervical cancer

16. endometrial cancer

17. Endometrial cancer is cancer of the lining of the uterus

18. endometrial cancer • Endometrial cancer is rare in women under the age of 45 • The average chance of a woman being diagnosed is about one in 37 • This cancer is slightly more common in white women, but black women are more likely to die from it

19. Risk factors for endometrial cancer • Being obese. Fat cells make extra estrogen, but the body doesn't make extra progesterone to balance it out • Taking estrogen without taking a progestin • Polycystic ovary syndrome. This can cause you to produce too much estrogen and not enough progesterone • Having type 2 diabetes • Never having been pregnant

20. endometrial cancer and DUB The most common symptoms include: • DUB • BLEEDING AFTER MENOPAUSE • Pain during sex • Pelvic pain

22. Treatments • Surgery to remove the uterus (and cervix), ovaries, and fallopian tubes (hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy) • Surgery to remove lymph nodes • Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells • Progestin hormone therapy to block cancer growth • Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells

23. Anovulation • Anovulation is the absents of ovulation

24. Anovulation • Polycystic ovarian syndrome • Peri-menopause • Thyroid dysfunction (either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism) • Extremely high levels of stress

25. AnovulationTreatment Hormonal manipulation OCP’s Nuvaring Depo Provera Nexplanon Mirena IUD

27. Fibroids • The most common pelvic tumor in women • They are benign tumors arising from the smooth muscle cells of the myometrium • They can cause DUB, pain, voiding dysfunction and may also have reproductive effects (e.g, infertility, adverse pregnancy outcomes)

29. Fibroid Treatments • There's no single best approach to uterine fibroid treatment; many treatment options exist

30. Fibroid Treatments • Hormonal Manipulation (OCP, Nuvaring, Depo Provera, Nexplanon, Mirena) • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) agonists • Medications called Gn-RH agonists (Lupron, Synarel, others) treat fibroids by putting you into a temporary postmenopausal state. With the decreased estrogen many fibroids tend to shrink

31. Fibroid Treatments • Uterine artery embolization • Small particles (embolic agents) are injected into the arteries supplying the uterus, cutting off blood flow to fibroids, causing them to shrink and die • SHOULD NOT BE DONE if the patient wants more children !!!

32. Fibroid Treatments • Laparoscopic, robotic or open myomectomy •  In a myomectomy, your surgeon removes the fibroids, leaving the uterus in place

34. Fibroid Treatments • Endometrial ablation and resection of submucosal fibroids • A specialized instrument inserted into your uterus; uses heat, microwave energy, hot water or electric current to destroy the lining of your uterus, either ending menstruation or reducing your menstrual flow • Ablations DO NOT remove the fibroids • SHOULD NOT be done if the patient wants more children

35. Ablation

36. Fibroid Treatmentshysterectomy • Abdominal • Vaginal • Laparoscopic • Robotic

37. Fibroid Treatmentshysterectomy • A hysterectomy is an operation to remove a woman's uterus • Definitions: • In a supracervial or subtotal hysterectomy, a surgeon removes only the upper part of the uterus, keeping the cervix in place • A total hysterectomy removes the whole uterus and cervix • The ovaries may also be removed -- a procedure called oophorectomy -- or may be left in place

40. Polyps • Overgrowth of cells in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) • Are usually noncancerous (benign), although some can be cancerous or can eventually turn into cancer (precancerous polyps)

41. Polyps

42. Treatment for polyps • Hormonal Manipulation (OCP, Nuvaring, Depo Provera, Nexplanon, Mirena) • Surgical removal: D&C hysteroscopy • A camera is used to look inside the uterus and then the polyp is scraped out • An ablation can be done at the same time

44. AUB Causes • GYN cancers • Anovulation • Fibroids • Polyps • Systemic illness Treatment Surgery Hormonal Contraception Lupron, Surgery/UAE Surgery Treatment based on affected organ system

45. Thank You • Wright, Jason and Solange Wyatt. The Washington Manual Obstetrics and Gynecology Survival Guide. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2003. ISBN 0-7817-4363-X • Bravender T, Emans SJ (June 1999). "Menstrual disorders. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding". Pediatr. Clin. North Am.46 (3): 545–53, viii. PMID10384806. • ^"Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding". http://www.sh.lsuhsc.edu/fammed/OutpatientManual/DUB.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-23.