Hand Tools: Measuring Tools Tape Measure Plastic or metal case, appropriate for general scenic measuring Tri Square

1. Hand Tools: Measuring Tools • Tape Measure • Plastic or metal case, appropriate for general scenic measuring • Tri Square • Used as a guide for marking 90-degree angles • Combination Square • Used for marking 45- and 90-degree angles • Bevel Protractor • Adjustable and used for marking 0 to 90-degree angles

2. Hand Tools: Measuring Tools Framing Square Used for checking accuracy of 90-degree corner joints in flat construction Bevel Set Used for transferring angles from one piece of work to another Carpenter’s Level Used to determine true horizontal and vertical angles

3. Hand Tools: Marking Tools Pencils Either carpenter’s pencils or number two yellows china markers used for marking metal wax pencils for lighting color media Scribe “Scratch awl” Used for marking wood, metal, and plastic; can also be used to make starter holes Chalk line Used to mark straight lines

4. Hand Tools: Hammers Claw Hammer Designed for inserting and removing nails Rip Hammer Can be used for prying or ripping apart previously nailed wood Ball Peen Hammer Used for bending and shaping metal and seating rivets

5. Hand Tools: Hammers Mechanic’s Hammer Used for shaping metal Tack Hammer Used for inserting tacks, the face is magnetized to hold tacks in place Mallet Wooden, plastic, or metal head, they are used for driving chisels

6. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools Saws Crosscut Saw Used to cut across the grain of wood Rip Saw Designed to cut parallel with the grain of the wood Backsaw and Miter Box Fine-toothed crosscut saw, used with the miter box for more accurate cuts

7. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools • Saws Keyhole Saw Used for making curvilinear cuts in stock lumber Coping Saw Used for making fine, curvilinear cuts in thin plywood Hacksaw Adjustable frame saw for cutting metal

8. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools Utility Knife Used to trim excess muslin from the edges of flats as well as to cut out stencils and other lightweight cutting projects Scissors Used to cut papers and fabrics Tin Snips Used to cut thin ferrous and nonferrous strap and sheet metals

9. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools Wood Chisel Used for gouging, paring, or smoothing wood Cold Chisel Used for cutting through, or shearing, mild steel and nonferrous metals

10. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools Planes Block Plane Used to smooth the ends (across the grain) of boards Smoothing Plane Applied parallel to the grain of the wood

11. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools Planes Spoke Shave Pulled across the surface of the work and used to soften or round sharp edges Surform Tools Not really a plane or a file, they are pushed across the work, cross-grain or parallel

12. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools • Files Wood Rasp Used for rough shaping of wood Wood File Used for smoothing wooden and plastic surfaces

13. Hand Tools: Cutting Tools • Files Rat-Tail File Can be used with wood, plastic, and metal Metal File Has very fine teeth for use on metal

14. Hand Tools: Drilling Tools Hand Drill Used for making small-diameter holes in wood Brace Used for holes larger than ¼ inch in diameter Push Drill Designed for light usage, it can be useful for making starter holes

15. Hand Tools: Drilling Tools • Bits Twist-Drill Bits Designed for use with either wood or metal Wood Bits Designed for use in wood or soft plastic, used with power hand drills or drill presses Auger Bits Used with the brace for cutting holes in wood

16. Hand Tools: Drilling Tools • Bits Push-Drill Bits Very sharp points that seem to punch rather than drill holes in wood Hole Saws Used to center the saw in the work

17. Hand Tools: Clamping Tools Carpenter’s Vice Attached to the edge of a workbench, used for holding wood Machinist’s Vice Used to clamp and hold metal Adjustable Wood Clamp Used in furniture construction

18. Hand Tools: Clamping Tools • Pipe Clamp • Used to clamp furniture frames, table tops, and similar wide objects together while their glue joints dry Belt Clamp Used to clamp irregularly shaped pieces together C Clamp Used for holding work together while the parts are being assembled or while glue dries

19. Hand Tools: Clamping Tools • Pliers Slip-Joint Pliers Used for clamping, gripping, bending, cutting light wire Long-Nose Pliers Useful for holding small objects in hard-to-reach places Adjustable Arc-Joint Pliers Used for holding metal pipe and tubing and other similar gripping jobs

20. Hand Tools: Clamping Tools • Pliers Locking Pliers “Vise Grip” Used to grasp, lock, and hold almost any object Diagonal Cutters Used by electricians for cutting soft wire Wire Strippers Used for stripping insulation for electrical wires Wire-Crimping Tool Used to pressure-clamp solderless connectors to electrical wire

21. Hand Tools: Clamping Tools • Wrenches Open-End Wrench Designed to fit nuts of specific standard or metric diameter Box-End Wrench Have a closed, toothed head that must be fit over the nut Adjustable-End Wrench “Crescent Wrench” It adapts to fit any small to medium sized nut

22. Hand Tools: Clamping Tools • Wrenches Monkey Wrench Adjustable, used on large nuts and other work too large for the crescent wrench Pipe Wrench Used to hold or twist metal pipes Socket Set and Ratchet Handle Allows you to tighten and loosen nuts without removing the socket from the nut

23. Hand Tools: Screwdrivers Standard Screwdriver Available in a variety of sizes Philips Screwdriver Four-flanged tip allows for more rotational force Nut Driver Used for tightening small hex nuts on bolts

24. Hand Tools: Misc Hand Tools Wrecking bars Used to pry wood apart and remove nails • Sandpaper • Used for smoothing wood, metal, and plastic Nail puller Used for extracting nails that have been driven flush to the wood surface

25. Hand Tools: Misc Hand Tools Grommet Set Used to seat grommets on drops, stage draperies, and the like Oil Stone Used to sharpen knives, chisels, and other cutting tools Staple Gun Used for attaching muslin to flat frames and fabric to furniture

26. Hand Tools: Metalworking Hand Tools Anvil Used for bending metal Conduit Bender Used to bend thin-wall conduit Center Punch Used to make small indentations in metal, starter holes

27. Hand Tools: Metalworking Hand Tools Bolt Cutter Used to cut through mild-steel bolts and round stock Pipe Cutter Used to make clean, right-angle cuts through steel pipe Tap and Dies Used to cut threads on pipe and rod stock

28. Power Tools: Stationary Power Saws Table Saw Used for ripping lumber Radial-Arm Saw Used for cross cutting and angle cutting, as well as for ripping lumber Bandsaw Used to make curvilinear cuts

29. Power Tools: Power Handsaws Circular Saw Used for straight-line cross cutting and angle cutting, as well as ripping Saber Saw Used to make curvilinear cuts Cut Awl Used for making curvilinear cuts and intricate cuts

30. Power Tools: Power Drilling Tools Drill Press Used to polish and sand as well as cut mortise and tenon joints for furniture construction Electric Hand Drill Used for light-duty drilling on lumber and light metals Heavy-Duty Hand Drill Used for heavier work, such as thick wood, thick mild steel, and concrete

31. Power Tools: Battery-Powered Tools: Pneumatic Tools Pneumatic Stapler Uses air pressure to drive the staples Pneumatic Nailer Used for rapid assembly of platforms and similar structures Impact Wrench Uses air pressure to tighten or loosen nuts

32. Power Tools: Metalworking: Welders Oxyacetylene Welder Combines oxygen and acetylene to produce a very hot flame that burns through metal Arc Welder Works by creating an electrical arc that melts the metals being welded Mig Welder An arc welder that focuses a flow of inert gas on the welding zone

33. Power Tools: Metalworking: Soldering Equipment Pencil, gun, iron Used to bond wires together Propane Torch Used for soldering most heavy-duty scenic jobs and heating thin-gauge steel for bending and shaping Power Hacksaw Used to cut through various types of metal stock

34. Power Tools: Metalworking Cutoff Saw Used to make either straight or angle cuts through metal stock Power Pipe Cutter Used for cutting and threading metal pipes

35. Power Tools: Misc Router Hand-held, used for shaping wood Wood Lathe Bench-mounted, holds and spins wood rapidly for shaping and carving Bench Sander Mounted and used to bevel or smooth the surface edges of wood and some plastics

36. Power Tools: Misc Electric Screwdriver Magnetized tip, used with Philips screws for assembling flats and platforms Bench Grinder Used for grinding and sharpening metal Hand Power Grinder Used for pieces too heavy or awkward for the bench grinder

37. Power Tools: Misc Hand Power Sander Uses a rotating disk of sandpaper to sand wood, metal, and plastic Belt Sander Uses belts of sandpaper for rapid sanding of wood Hot-Melt Glue Gun Used for making rapid-hold glue bonds between just about every type of material

38. Wood: Stock Lumber A Select: Free of all knots, blemishes, erratic graining and warps B Select: Grain can be less uniform and the wood can contain more pitch C Select: Can have a few tight knots, slightly less uniform, and still more pitch

39. Wood: Stock Lumber D Select: Can have more tight knots, an occasional pitch pocket, and some warping No. 1 Common: Can have knots that fall out; commonly warp and twist No. 2 Common: Knots that fall out, bark on the edges, warped and twisted

40. Wood: Molding and Trim

41. Wood: Sheet Stock Plywood Made by laminating several layers of wood, much stronger than solid wood Particle Board Composed of wood chips and sawdust mixed with a glue binder Heavier than plywood, but not as strong

42. Wood: Sheet Stock Wafer Board Similar to particle board but lighter, cheaper, and just as strong as plywood Hardboard Called Masonite, is manufactured from wood pulp and used as a facing surface Upson Board Paper pulp and binder, fairly flexible with little strength, used to cover fairly sharply curved surfaces

43. Wood Sonotube Paper tube used for forming concrete; in theatre, it can also be used to make columns Manufactured Wood Woodlike construction materials made from wood by-products

44. Metal: Mild Steel Square and Rectangular Tubing The most used and useful shapes of steel, used for platform framing and flat framing Tubing or Pipe Primarily used for decorative items Channel Used in structures requiring significant strength, such as the framework for large platforms and wagons

45. Metal: Mild Steel Angle Used in those situations requiring less strength, such as lightweight frames, braces, and stiffeners Strap Used to strengthen or brace existing wooden structures

46. Metal: Proprietary Structural Systems Unistrut Consists of U-shaped channels of differing sizes Telespar A system of telescoping square steel tubing; can be adjusted without cutting Slotted Angle Manufactured with a variety of holes and slots punched into both faces of the stock Aluminum Not used as extensively as mild steel, more expensive and more difficult to weld; mainly used for decorative purposes

47. Plastics Acrylic Used as a glass substitute and for making decorative baubles and stained glass Epoxy Most commonly used types are those for adhesives and casting resins, can be worked with either wood or metal cutting tools Fluorocarbons Teflon, makes an excellent bearing surface for turntables and for covering skids

48. Plastics: Polyesters Saturated Polyesters Have a variety of uses in both scenic and costume construction, such as stage mirrors Unsaturated Polyesters Can be used in casting or to create fiberglass

49. Plastics Polyethylene Available in film and foam, can be used for such things as drop cloths and projection screens Polystyrene Styrofoam, used for making decorative trim Polyvinyl Chloride PVC pipe, can be used for a variety of decorative scenic purposes Urethanes Commonly used for cushions and padding in furniture

50. Fasteners: Nails Common Nail Large head, thick shank, used for heavier general construction Box Nail Narrower shaft that reduces the chance of splitting lumber Coated Box Nail Even narrower shaft, coated with an adhesive that bonds the nail to the wood