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Representing Nonnumeric Data

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abel-black
15 diapositives · 292 Views · Nov 20, 2014

This overview explores how non-numeric data is represented in the digital world. Everything is encoded as binary (1's and 0's) through encoding schemes. We discuss text representation with ASCII, covering character assignments and how to expand this with extended ASCII and Unicode for greater character support. The basics of two-dimensional graphics are explained, differentiating between bitmap and vector graphics. Additionally, we cover sound representation methods, focusing on MIDI for compact storage and samples for sound waves. Learn how diverse forms of data are effectively encoded and processed.

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Representing Nonnumeric Data
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  1. Representing Nonnumeric Data Everything is really a number

  2. Its all 1’s and 0’s • How do we represent other things? • Words/Pictures/Sound? • The trick is to come up with an encoding scheme…

  3. Text • To store English we need • Letters (upper case & lower) • Punctuation • Special marks (space, newline, etc…) • Assigned each a number between 0 and 127 • A is 65, B is 66… • a is 97, b is 98… • ASCII encoding : most popular such scheme

  4. ASCII table • Partial table  • Full Table:http://www.ascii-code.com/ • A = 65 = 01000001 • My name:

  5. Text • Why 0-127? • Well it seemed like enough • 127 is 2^7 – the biggest number you can write with 7 binary digits. • Need more characters? • Extended ASCII – 8 bits (1 byte) – 256 characters • Make your own encoding scheme:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding • Unicode – universal scheme – up to 4 bytes per character

  6. Basic Types of Graphics • Two basic types of 2D graphic Bitmap Vector

  7. Bitmaps • Image divided into pixels • Each pixel either on (1) or off (0)

  8. Adding gray • 2 digits for each square give 4 “colors” (00, 01, 10, 11)

  9. Adding gray • 2 digits for each square give 4 “colors” (00, 01, 10, 11)

  10. Bit Depth

  11. Vector Art • Vector images are mathematically based • Everything described as lines and curves • Shapes are filled with solid color, gradients or patterns

  12. Computer Sounds • Two approaches to representing sound as numbers: • MIDI sequences • Samples

  13. MIDI • Musical Instrument Digital Interface • Sheet music for your computer. • Does not store actual sounds – just instructions for generating the sounds. • Very compact • Been around since the 60’s

  14. Samples • Sounds are just pressure waves:

  15. Samples • Simulate a wave with lots of data points • Intensities at points in time • Computer reconstructs wave from points