War of 1812 2 nd War For Independence Mr. Madison’s War

1. War of 18122nd War For IndependenceMr. Madison’s War

3. Causes of War • British violation of treaties • Still present in the NW Territory • Supply Native Americans with weapons, etc • Impressment continues

4. June 1807 • U.S. ship Chesapeake fired upon by British ship Leopard • Refused to allow British to board the ship • 3 sailors killed, 18 wounded

6. Election of War Hawks to Congress • Henry Clay from Kentucky: • AKA “The Great Compromiser” • Represents western interests • John C. Calhoun from South Carolina: • Represents southern interests • Both Democratic-Republicans

7. Henry Clay John C. Calhoun

8. Opposition to War Hawks • All Federalists • Leader of the Federalists in Congress: • Daniel Webster of Massachusetts • Represented interests of New England

9. Daniel Webster

10. “Triumvirate”

11. Battle of TippecanoeNovember 7, 1811 • Tecumseh, Shawnee leader • Opposed to expansion in Native American land • Attempts to form a confederacy of various tribes • Tenskwatawa AKA “The Prophet” • Brother of Tecumseh • HQ of confederacy “Prophetstown” located in Indiana Territory

12. Tenskwatawa Tecumseh

13. Tensions Increase • Governor Indiana Territory: • William Henry Harrison • Marches on Prophetstown with 1000 troops • Tecumseh leaves “The Prophet” in charge while recruiting more allies • Orders his brother to take no action • Not being a military leader, “The Prophet” attempts a surprise attack but is defeated

14. William Henry Harrison

16. Effect of the Battle • Cause many to blame British for inciting Native American uprisings (War Hawks) • Many consider this 1st battle of the War of 1812 • Tecumseh remains allies to the British but later killed at the Battle of the Thames in Ontario • Ends threat of his confederacy to the U.S.

17. June 18, 1812 • War formally declared • No Federalists in Congress vote for the declaration of war • Neither side ready for war • England battling Napoleon • Unable to spare many troops for N. America

18. American Army • In 1812, consisted of less than 12,000 men • Madison believes state militias would easily seize Canada forcing negotiations • Militia’s unwilling to fight outside of state also lacked discipline • Congress authorizes expansion of army to 35,000 • Voluntary, poorly paid, lack of trained officers

19. Cont. • New England states refuse to supply militia units or give financial support • New England states were threatening succession due to the war

20. British Strategy • Blockade American coastline • Defend Canada

22. Key Battles • April 1813, Battle of York (Toronto) Provincial capital of Upper Canada • US victory which includes the burning down of the capital building • September 1813, Battle of Lake Erie AKA Battle of Put-in-Bay • US victory which includes capture of 6 British ships and ensures US control of Lake Erie

24. Oliver Hazard Perry Hero of Battle of Lake Erie Dies in 1819 after contracting yellow fever after visiting with Simon Bolivar regarding piracy in the Caribbean

25. Key Battles cont • By 1814, Napoleon abdicates and England begins invasion of U.S. • Aug 1814, British attack and occupy Washington, D.C. • White House and Capitol building destroyed

28. Key Battles cont • Sept 12-15, 1814 • Battle of Baltimore • U.S. forces hold off British attacks • Turning point of the war • Ft. McHenry: • Francis Scott Key • Star Spangled Banner

30. Francis Scott Key

31. Key Battles cont. • Sept 6-11 1814 • Battle of Plattsburgh AKA Battle of Lake Champlain • U.S. victory marked the final invasion of northern states by the British

32. Treaty of Ghent • Signed December 24, 1814 • Basically restores relations to status quo ante bellum • The treaty released all prisoners • Returned to the United States were approximately 10,000,000 acres of territory, near Lakes Superior and Michigan, in Maine, and on the Pacific coast

33. Treaty of Ghent cont. • American-held areas of Upper Canada (present-day Ontario) were returned to British control.

34. Battle of New Orleans January 8, 1815 • Due to slow methods of communication this is fought after signing of Treaty of Ghent • U.S. forces commanded by Andrew Jackson • Important victory for Jackson as it makes him a national hero

35. Andrew Jackson

36. Hartford Convention • December 15, 1814-January 4, 1815 • New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812 • Delegates from MA, CONN, RI, NH, and VT • Discussed proposing Const. amendments to look out for interests of New England • Discussed secession from the U.S. and negotiating treaty with England

37. Cont • Signing of the Treaty of Ghent disgraced the Federalist Party • Led to the disbandment of the party in most areas of the U.S.