4: The Human Body

1. 4: The Human Body

2. Cognitive Objectives 1-4.1 Identify and locate on the body the following topographic terms: medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, midline, right and left, midclavicular, bilateral, and midaxillary. 1-4.2 Describe anatomy and functions of the following major body systems: respiratory, circulatory, musculoskeletal, nervous, and endocrine. • There are no affective or psychomotor objectives for this chapter.

3. The Planes of the Body • Anterior • Posterior • Midline • Midclavicular line • Midaxillary

4. Directional Terms • Right and left • Superior and inferior • Lateral and medial • Proximal and distal • Superficial and deep • Ventral and dorsal • Palmer and planter • Apices and bilateral

5. Movement Terms

6. Anatomic Positions (1 of 2) • Prone • Supine

7. Anatomic Positions (2 of 2) • Shock position • Trendelenburg’s position • Fowler’s position

8. The Skeletal System • Gives form to the body • Protects vital organs • Consists of 206 bones • Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles • Designed to permit motion of the body

9. The Skull

10. The Neck

11. The Spinal Column

12. The Thorax

13. The Abdomen (1 of 2) • The abdomen is the second major body cavity. • It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion.

14. The Abdomen (2 of 2)

15. The Pelvis

16. The Lower Extremity • Hip • Thigh • Knee • Leg • Ankle • Foot

17. The Upper Extremity • Shoulder girdle • Arm • Elbow • Forearm • Wrist • Hand

18. Joints

19. Functions of theMusculoskeletal System • Gives the body shape • Protects internal organs • Provides for movement • Consists of more than 600 muscles

20. Types of Muscle (1 of 2) • Skeletal (voluntary) muscle • Attached to the bones of the body • Smooth (involuntary) muscle • Carries out the automatic muscular functions of the body

21. Types of Muscle (2 of 2) • Cardiac muscle • Involuntary muscle • Has own blood supply and electrical system • Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods

22. The Respiratory System

23. Diaphragm • Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles • Dome-shaped muscle • Divides thorax from abdomen • Contracts during inhalation • Relaxes during exhalation

24. Breathing Process: Inhalation • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. • Pressure in the lungs decreases. • Air travels to the lungs.

25. Breathing Process: Exhalation • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. • As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease. • Pressure in the lungs increases. • Air flows out of the lungs.

26. Exchange of Oxygen andCarbon Dioxide • Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration. • Oxygen diffuses into the blood. • The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen.

27. Control of Breathing • Brain stem controls breathing. • Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high • Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.” • Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing

28. Normal Breathing Characteristics • Normal rate and depth • Regular rhythm • Good breath sounds in both lungs • Regular rise and fall movements in the chest • Easy, not labored

29. Normal Breathing Rates Adults 12 to 20 breaths/min Children 15 to 30 breaths/min Infants 25 to 50 breaths/min

30. Irregular rhythm Labored breathing Muscle retractions Pale or blue skin Cool, clammy skin Faster respiratory rate Recognizing Inadequate Breathing

31. Infant and Child Anatomy • Structures less rigid • Airway smaller • Tongue proportionally larger • Dependent on diaphragm for breathing

32. The Circulatory System

33. The Heart

34. Blood Flow Through the Heart

35. Electrical Conduction System • SA node • AV node • Purkinje fibers

36. Normal Heart Rates Adults 60 to 100 beats/min Children 70 to 150 beats/min Infants 100 to 160 beats/min

37. Aorta Pulmonary Carotid Femoral Brachial Radial Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Pulmonary Major Arteries and Veins

38. Components of Blood • Plasma • Red blood cells • White blood cells • Platelets

39. Physiology of theCirculatory System (1 of 2) • Pulse • The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts • Can be felt where an artery passes near the skin surface and over a bone

40. Physiology of theCirculatory System (2 of 2) • Blood pressure • Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries • Systole: Left ventricle contracts • Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes • Perfusion • Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue • If inadequate, the patient goes into shock.

41. The Nervous System • The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions. • Somatic nervous system • Regulates voluntary actions • Autonomic nervous system • Controls involuntary body functions

42. Central Nervous System (1 of 2)

43. Central Nervous System (2 of 2)

44. Peripheral Nervous System • Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system. • Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system. • Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.

45. The Skin (1 of 2) • Protects the body from the environment • Regulates body temperature • Transmits information from environment to the brain

46. The Skin (2 of 2)

47. Endocrine System • Complex message and control system • Made up of seven glands • Glands produce and release hormones.

48. Adrenal Ovary Pancreas Parathyroid Pituitary Testes Thyroid Endocrine Glands

49. Mouth Salivary glands Oropharynx Esophagus Stomach Pancreas Liver Bile ducts Small intestine Large intestine Appendix Rectum Digestive System

50. Urinary System