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Big Idea 3

Big Idea 3. Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. Genetic Information Storage. Organisms store information in the form of DNA or RNA. Prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome of DNA

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Big Idea 3

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  1. Big Idea 3 Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes.

  2. Genetic Information Storage • Organisms store information in the form of DNA or RNA

  3. Prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome of DNA • Some can also contain plasmids which store extra genetic information

  4. Eukaryotes have many, linear chromosomes

  5. Viruses can start with DNA or RNA

  6. Avery-Griffith DNA experiments Watson-Crick

  7. DNA Replication is semi-conservative

  8. DNA Replication goes in opposite directions

  9. DNA vs. RNA

  10. Types of RNA

  11. Protein Synthesis – Transcription and Translation

  12. Transcription – writes 5’  3’

  13. mRNA processing – splicing out introns, adding 5’ cap and 3’ poly A tail

  14. Translation

  15. The activity of the protein then leads to phenotypes

  16. We can manipulate DNA through biotechnology

  17. Transformation Lab

  18. Benefits of Biotechnology

  19. Cell Cycle

  20. Cell Cycle Regulation

  21. Cell Cycle Regulation-Protein Kinases – phosphorylate molecules to activate or inactivate them Ex. Cdc2-Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK’s) – have to be bound to a cyclin to be activated Ex. Maturation-promoting factor (MPF)-Cyclins – concentrations fluctuate (rise and fall) in a cell

  22. Cell Cycle regulation – G1 checkpoint • Growth factors – external molecules that cause cells to divide • Signal transduction pathway • Density-dependent inhibition – cells stop dividing when other cells surround them • Anchorage dependence – cells need to be attached to something to divide

  23. External Regulation – growth factors

  24. The Cell Cycle DNA Copied Cells prepare for Division Cells Mature Daughter Cells Cell Divides into Identical cells

  25. Homologous chromosomes made up of sister chromatids joined at thecentromere.

  26. Haploid– 1 copy of each chromosomeDiploid– 2 copies of each chromosome (known as homologous chromosomes)

  27. Replicated homologous chromosomes Unreplicated homologous chromosomes Centromere

  28. DIPLOID Mitosis MICROTUBULES

  29. DIPLOID Sister Chromatids separate

  30. REDUCTION DIPLOID

  31. HAPLOID HAPLOID DIVISION

  32. Genetic Variation

  33. # of Combinations = 2n (n = hapoid # of chromosomes)

  34. Know • Tetrad • Synapsis • Chiasmata • Crossing Over

  35. Sources of Genetic Variation • Crossing Over • Independent Assortment - 2 to the 23rd power = 8.4 million different possibilities • Random fertilization – 8.4 million different egg and sperm creates 70 trillion different types of offspring (not including crossing over)

  36. Genetics

  37. CHROMOSOMES LETTERS are ALLELES SEED SHAPE R r Y SEED COLOR y

  38. THREE DIFFERENT POSSIBILITIES FOR A GENE R R R r r r HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE HETEROZYGOUS DOMINANT

  39. R R R R R R R R Law of segregation 4 CELLS WITH ‘R’ ALLELE FOR THIS GENE

  40. Independent vs. Dependent Assortment

  41. Multiple Alleles – more than 2 possible alleles for a gene

  42. H h Y Y Genes on the Male Sex Chromosomes XH Xh XH Y RECESSIVE DOMINANT

  43. Sex-linked Inheritance • Color Blindness – recessive, linked to the X chromosome • Cannot distinguish between colors like red and green • Genotypes: • XCXC – normal female, non carrier • XCXc’ – normal female, carrier (may pass recessive allele on to sons and/or daughters) • Xc’Xc’ – colorblind female (will pass recessive allele to all children • XCY – normal male • Xc’Y – colorblind male (will pass recessive allele to daughters only)

  44. Linked genes

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