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Sustainable Fishing

Sustainable Fishing. Asia. Population Growth. Depiction of Wealth. Consumption. 75% of imports were comprised of the 11 most commonly available species in Hong Kong- “Reef Fish”. Most popular species consumed Chi Ma Ban (Brown Spotted Grouper) Humphead Wrasse Leopard Coral Trout

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Sustainable Fishing

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  1. Sustainable Fishing

  2. Asia

  3. Population Growth

  4. Depiction of Wealth

  5. Consumption 75% of imports were comprised of the 11 most commonly available species in Hong Kong- “Reef Fish” Most popular species consumed Chi Ma Ban (Brown Spotted Grouper) Humphead Wrasse Leopard Coral Trout Spotted Coral Trout High-finned Grouper Green Grouper Flowery Grouper Tiger Grouper Giant Grouper Red Grouper Mangrove Snapper

  6. “Delicacies” China is the world’s top fishing nation and has vast resources available in her own waters.  Bohai Sea the Yellow Sea the East China Sea the South China Sea

  7. Caught in the Crossfire Trawling – Destructive trawling damages the ocean floor(bottom trawling destroys deep sea corals and sponges) Driftnets -”Ghost Fishing -”By-Catch” -”Drop-Out” Dynamite Sodium Cyanide

  8. Paying the Price • Each year, illegal fishing takes catches worth about $2 billion from the waters of sub-Saharan Africa. Culprits there are often Chinese, Korean and Taiwanese vessels that have licenses to fish in one zone but then exploit another. http://www.lib.noaa.gov/china/chinaus_files/photopage3.htm

  9. Outwardly Illegal October to April, Japanese fishermen will kill more than 20,000 dolphins and porpoises as part of their annual hunt. “Pest Control” Dangerous consumption: -up to 30X the maximum PCB toxicity in food http://www.dolphin-explorer.com/dolphin_on_front_pag.jpg

  10. Sustainability 2/3 of world fishing vessels opportunities for selling sustainable seafood in the region have yet to be realized Marine Stewardship Council has limited Asian Presence Of 50 fisheries being assessed, only 2 are Asian Indonesian Fishing Boat

  11. Success? Indonesian fishermen have visited the north Western Australian coast and around the islands and reefs of this coastline for almost three centuries. They have exploited a range of species including: sea cucumber various molluscs, particularly trochus shell seabirds (particularly frigate birds) seabird eggs sharks marine turtles clams Trochus shells are used in the manufacture of buttons and ornaments and dried beche-de-mer and sharkfin are sought after food products throughout much of Asia. These products are traded through Indonesia into the wider Asian market. Over the last few years Indonesia and Australia having being working cooperatively to improve the protection of biodiversity in the MoU Box and improve the livelihoods of the traditional Indonesian fishermen who access the MoU Box.

  12. Looking Forward • International Treaties • The Japanese government has recently commissioned the IWC to allow them to begin commercial whaling after a 20 year moratorium • Future Projections • If this is allowed to happen, the already more than decimated whale populations may finally go extinct • Suggestions for Improvement

  13. Africa

  14. Questions Asked Last Progress Check What steps towards sustainability are being implemented, and in which countries? How can barriers (financial, political) preventing sustainable fishing in Africa be overcome? What are the potential benefits and harm of continued increase in aquaculture? aquaculture?

  15. Steps Towards Sustainable Fishing • UNEP regional conventions have examined the unique problems and possibilities • i.e. In West Africa, pollution is a major cause of water degradation • Individual governments and organizations have disparately followed through on taking steps towards implementing sustainable methods

  16. Ghana • Fishing sector: • 5% GDP • per capita 60% of animal protein • Employs 10% • Marine • 85% total fish production • Artisanal sector (canoes) accounts for 70-80% of marine catch, employs over 101,000 people • Other sectors: inshore/semi-industrial, deep sea/industrial, and tuna fleets • Inland • Completely Artisanal • Employs 85,000

  17. More about Ghana • Active participant in Abidjan Convention & UNEP • Tuna is the only marine fisheries resource that could expand considerably • Partnership between Dutch companies, NGO, Filipino trainers & local fishers will train Ghanian fishers to use hook and line method rather than long nets • This new method requires traveling farther into the sea, which requires better boats • Funded in part by the government of the Netherlands • Increases sustainability & the value of fish caught

  18. South Africa • 1% of GDP, more important in coastal communities • By 1960s catches in some fisheries had exceeded sustainable yields • Led to declines in fish stocks • Diversity of vessels depending on fish targeted but much less artisanal/subsistence fishing • Hake trawl fishery certified for responsible management by Marine Stewardship Council • Both aquaculture and mariculture present in SA with mariculture developing fastest

  19. General Conclusions & Observations • Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region in the world where fish consumption is decreasing • High percentage of artisanal fishing in some areas means changes are difficult to implement from top-down • Top-down changes are effective in appropriate situations (SA) • Reduction in catch not a viable option because of necessity of fish for subsistence fishers • Aquaculture represents a lot of possibility for increasing protein-rich food supply • On a small-scale level, provides food and income for individuals • There is potential to integrate irrigation and aquaculture

  20. South America Industrial fishing Effects on regional small-scale fisheries Cooperative management of aquaculture

  21. Current Situation • Marine fisheries and aquaculture directly employ about one million people in the region • contributes approximately 15% to world marine fish production • International demand for fishery products has encouraged the use of destructive practices such as trawling and intensive aquaculture • Large-scale industrial fishing has threatened the food security of regional fisherworkers and has caused the displacement of indigenous people

  22. Importance of Artisanal Fishing -Artisanal and small-scale fisheries contribute significantly to the achievement of sustainable development goals -play an important role in resource conservation, food and livelihood security, poverty alleviation, wealth creation and foreign exchange earnings -In the Southern Latin American Region fishing is a small-scale activity that provides for the basis of social and economic activity

  23. Regional Workshop on Sustainable Fisheries and Livelihoods in Latin AmericaSanta Clare, Argentina 2005Participant countries include Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, Chile and Argentina -discussed measures that recognize and protect the access rights of artisanal and small-scale fishworkers when facing the competition of large-scale industry -promoted an understanding of the value and importance of sustainable fisheries fisheries management -recognized the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and its ability to promote management of fisheries -placed pressure on national governments to take on implementation measures -banned the use of potentially destructive fishing techniques (trawling) in the zones reserved exclusively for artisanal fishing

  24. Protecting Access Rights and Artisanal Fishing Zones -laws establish special zones within near-shore waters-consisting of specific distance from the shore and specific depth -originally established for conservation purposes (reserves) Management -upheld by national laws -Chile- artisanal fishworker organizations have established self imposed prohibition on the use of trawl nets and have implemented variety of gear restrictions -Peru, Argentina and Ecuador- fishing concessions are granted to artisanal fishing groups

  25. Comanagement-case study • Chilean Benthic Fauna- annual landings of about 150,000 tons and an export value of $100 million • Overexploitation and collapse • Chilean Fishing and Aquaculture Law and “Marine and Exploitation Areas” (MEAs) coupled with local community knowledge • Results: larger catches and greater revenues when compared to open access fishing grounds

  26. Large Scale Fisheries Individual Transferable Quotas -limiting access permits to a TAC (total allowable catch) to be harvested -determined by biologists -members of the fishery are granted rights to a percentage of the TAC -these quotas can be fished, bought, sold or leased -distribution issues

  27. AquacultureCooperation Organizations in Latin America • Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and Uruguay are the main aquaculture countries in the region. • Some of the main suppliers of shrimp, talapia and shrimp to the US and EU • Regional Aquaculture Center for Latin America (CERLA) • Technical Cooperation Newtwork for Aquaculture • Commission for Inland Fisheries (Copescal) • Latin American Organization for Fisheries Development (OLDEPESCA) • INFOPESCA

  28. North America

  29. Magnuson-Stevens Act • Midterm Question: What are the environmental and economic impacts of recent legislation? • Regional success • National failure • Loopholes • Late and inadequate plan submission • Act has no penalties for failed compliance • Regional councils drag out procedures • Significant noncompliance

  30. Magnuson-Stevens Act • MidtermQuestion: How can we export successful aspects of legislation on a worldwide scale? • Incorporate missing principles: • Stop overfishing • Stop killing non-target ocean wildlife • Outlaw gear and practices that destroy habitat • Fund less damaging practices • Fund research and reporting

  31. Case Study: Canada’s Deep Sea Fish • Bycatch in trawling • Populations in drastic decline • 87-98% lost in 17 years • Slow to grow and reproduce • Ecosystem foundation • Minimal concern because not commercially viable

  32. Global

  33. Case Study: Jellyfish Population surge Climate change and overfishing Removes predators and competitors Destructive cycle: Loss of jellyfish predators Overabundance of jellyfish Jellyfish feed on larvae of commercial fish Fisheries damaged Economic ramifications

  34. Global Recommendations • Ecosystem-based management • Recognize that ecosystems are dynamic and interwoven • Recognize all stakeholders • Economic, social, and cultural • Precautionary approach to ecological analysis • Establish international fund • Established no-take zones

  35. 6 Steps to a Sustainable Fishery • Identify stakeholder community and individual concerns 2. Map and research ecoregions and habitat 3. Establish ecosystem risks and values 4. Establish strategies within fishery to reclaiming or preserving values 5. Design a system for communicating and monitoring 6. Design dynamic evaluation and alteration process

  36. References • http://www.icsf.net/icsf2006/uploads/resources/statements/pdf/english/statements/1117617951722***sta0101.pdf • http://www.intrafish.no/global/industryreports/article99316.ece • http://www.icsf.net/cedepesca/rationale.html • http://www.csiwisepractices.org/?read=12 • http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/eez.aspx • http://www.nature.org/pressroom/press/press3101.html • http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4961e/y4961e0e.htm • http://www.environmentaldefense.org/page.cfm?tagID=1528 • http://www.lib.noaa.gov/china/fishing.htm#marinefishing • http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/ashmore/history.html • http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=5413

  37. References • P. Dugan. “Investing in Africa: The WorldFish Center’s African Strategy in Summary.” The WorldFish Center Quarterly, vol 26. http://www.worldfishcenter.org/naga/Naga26-3/contents.htm • John Moehl. “Aquaculture in Africa.” United Nations: Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x4545e/X4545e38.htm • “Aquaculture Central to African Fish for All Summit.” The New Farm: Rodale Institute. http://www.newfarm.org/international/news/2005/080105/082605/af_fish.shtml • “Ghana: General Economic Data.” Globefish. http://www.globefish.org/files/GHANA_141.pdf • “Sustainable Tuna Filet through Dutch-Ghanian Partnership.” Royal Tropical Institute (KIT). http://www.kit.nl/smartsite.shtml?id=3829&ch=FAB • Ernest Harsch. “Africa Starts a Fishing Revolution.” United Nations: Africa Renewal. http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol20no1/201-fishing-revolution.html • http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/marine/our_solutions/sustainable_fishing/index.cfm • http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:HS6DBf2rMGoJ:www.marineconservationalliance.org/news/MCAMSATestimonyBenton.pdf+regional+success+magnuson+stevens+act&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us&client=firefox-a • http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/innews/ENS2.htm • http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/about/communications/waypoint/002/headlines-01a.html • http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070702151056.htm

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