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Discussion 3

Discussion 3. Wednesday 2/13 Quiz review + lectures 4-6. Quiz m ultiple choice. Most common gas?. Closest to the Earth?. Thermosphere Mesopause Mesosphere Stratopause Stratosphere Tropopause Troposphere Earth. O 2 Ar N 2 CO 2 He. Quiz m ultiple choice. Stratospheric warming?.

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Discussion 3

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  1. Discussion 3 Wednesday 2/13 Quiz review + lectures 4-6

  2. Quiz multiple choice Most common gas? Closest to the Earth? Thermosphere Mesopause Mesosphere Stratopause Stratosphere Tropopause Troposphere Earth • O2 • Ar • N2 • CO2 • He

  3. Quiz multiple choice Stratospheric warming? Thermosphere Mesopause Mesosphere Stratopause Stratosphere Tropopause Troposphere Earth • Density increases • Captures heat radiated from Earth • Borders thermosphere • Contains ozone

  4. Essay redux – most common errors Carbon cycle Water cycle Transpiration (or at least one of the –ation’s) Groundwater Glaciers/ice caps Biosphere • Ocean both sink and source • Carbonates are a sink • Sinks and sources are NOT in equilibrium • e.g. Keeling curve

  5. Lecture 4: Insolation • Earth’s tilt & the seasons • Angle of incidence & solar zenith angle • Earth’s energy budget • Insolation and re-radiation • Latitudinal heat balance • The greenhouse effect

  6. HEATING OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE DEPENDS ON THE AMOUNT OF SOLAR RADIATION PER UNIT AREA. SAME AMOUNT OF RADIATION IS DISTRIBUTED OVER A LARGER AREA IN A THAN IN B. RADIATION PER UNIT AREA IS LESS IN A THAN IN B. LESS HEATING IN A THAN IN B. Fig. 2-12, p. 42

  7. Latitudinal Heat Balance

  8. Simple Greenhouse Model But this doesn’t factor in the atmosphere! 254K vs 288K

  9. Lecture 5+6: Temperature controls • Diurnal cycle • Geographic controls • Latitude • Surface type • Elevation • Aspect • Long-term control • Cloud cover • Albedo • Ocean currents • Differential heating of land and water

  10. Chicago NYC Denver STL Santa Fe LA Miami

  11. Lecture 6: Heating, cooling,and stability • Adiabatic processes • Equilibrium and lapse rates • Temperature Inversions • Wind Chill

  12. Adiabatic Expansion and Compression • Ideal gas law: P=dR’T :: PV=nRT • Adiabatic process: no heat added or removed • P(Vγ)=const., T(Vγ-1)=const. • Adiabatic lapse rate (T change with height) • Dry: ≈10oC / km (really 9.8) • Wet: depends on water content, always less than dry rate; ≈6oC / km

  13. Equilibrium in the atmosphere

  14. Fig. 3.12 • Lifecycle of a nocturnal (radiative) temperature inversion • Mid-afternoon • Evening • Sunrise • Mid-morning Fig. 3-19, p. 75

  15. Wind Chill Factor • The wind chill factor describes the increased loss of heat by the body due to the movement of air. • The wind causes an increased rate of evaporation of perspiration from the skin.. • It cannot be measured, so it is calculated • Wind chill equivalent temperature

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