FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AN INTRODUCTION TO CONCEPTS, METHODS, AND USES 10th Edition

1. Chapter 4 -- Statement of Cash Flows: Effects Operating, Investing, Financing Activities on Cash Flows FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AN INTRODUCTION TO CONCEPTS, METHODS, AND USES 10th Edition Clyde P. Stickney and Roman L. Weil

2. Learning Objectives 1. Understand why using the accrual basis of accounting creates the need for a statement of cash flows. 2. Understand the types of transactions that result in cash flows. 3. Develop an ability to prepare a statement of cash flows from a comparative balance sheet and income statement. 4. Develop an ability to analyze the statement of cash flows.

3. Chapter Outline 1. Overview of cash flows. • Classification of cash flows 2. Preparing the statement of cash flows. • Direct and indirect methods. • Columnar and t-account approaches. 3. Effects of a sale of a long-term asset. 4. An international perspective. Chapter Summary

4. 1. Overview of the Statement of Cash Flows The statement of cash flows … (a) explains the reasons for a change in cash. (b) classifies the reasons for the change as an operating, investing or financing activity. (c) reconciles net income with cash flow from operations.

5. Classification of Cash Flows 1. Operations -- cash flows related to selling goods and services; that is, the principle business of the firm. 2. Investing -- cash flows related to the acquisition or sale of noncurrent assets. 3. Financing -- long term and short term cash flows related to liabilities and owners’ equity; dividends are a financing cash outflow.

6. Example of a Statement of Cash FlowsExhibit 4.1

7. Components of the Statement of Cash Flows Cash received from sale of goods and services Cash paid for operating goods and services cash flow from operations - = Operations + - Cash received from sales of investments and PP&E Cash paid for ac- quisition of invest- ments and PP&E cash flow from investing - = Investing + - Cash paid for dividends and reacquisition of debt or capital stock Cash received from issue of debt or capital stock cash flow from financing - = Financing = Net change in cash for the period Figure 4.1

8. 2. Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows Firms could prepare the cash flow statement directly from the cash account. Most, however, find it more efficient to prepare the cash flow statement from the balance sheet and income statement. (a) Direct and indirect methods. (b) Algebraic formulation will present the underlying concept of the cash flow statement. (c) Two approaches to producing the cash flow statement: columnar worksheet and t-account worksheet.

9. 2.a. Direct and Indirect Methods • Direct method of presentation calculates cash flow from operations by subtracting cash disbursements to supplies, employees, and others from cash receipts from customers. • The indirect method calculates cash flow from operations by adjusting net income for noncash revenues and expenses. • Most firms present their cash flows using the indirect method. Copyright 2000 by Harcourt Inc. All rights reserved.

10. 2.b. Algebraic Formulation Recall the basic accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders’ Equity or A = L + SE Assets are either cash (C) or not (N$A), so C + N$A = L + SE  C +  N$A =  L +  SE Where  means the change in the balance, Rearranging gives the basic equation for the statement of cash flows:  C =  L +  SE -  N$A

11. 2.b. Algebraic Formulation (Cont.)  C =  L +  SE -  N$A • The change in cash,  C, is the increase or decrease in the cash account. • This amount must equal changes in liabilities plus changes in shareholders’ equity minus changes in assets other than cash. • Thus, we can identify the causes in the change in the cash account by studying the changes in non-cash accounts.

12. 2.c. Two Approaches to Producing the Cash Flow Statement The basic formula can be implemented using either of two approaches: 1. Columnar worksheet-- changes in balance sheet accounts are classified by definition using a multicolumn worksheet. 2. T-Account worksheet -- changes are classified by analysis of the t-accounts.

13. 2.c.1. Columnar Worksheet • Works well for relatively simple situations involving few transactions. • Enhances understanding of the cash flow statement. • Does not work as well as the T-account method when the number and complexity of transactions increases.

14. 2.c.1. Columnar Worksheet (Cont.) Begin with a comparative balance sheet. 1. Compute the change in each balance sheet account. 2. Classify each change as operating, investing or financing activity. 2. Make any needed adjustments (for example, for a sale of a long-lived asset). 4. Recast the classified changes in the form of a cash flow statement.

15. Noncash Expenses • Noncash expenses, such as depreciation expense, are added back. • Not truly sources of cash, even though they are associated with cash inflows; rather, a reversal of the accrual process that required the expenses to be recognized without regard for the cash flow.

16. Changes in Specific Accounts increase decrease If noncash assets are increased, then cash was spent, so cash is an outflow, so negative sign. If noncash assets are decreased, then they provided cash so cash is an inflow, so positive sign. Non-cash Assets If liab. or S.E. increased, then cash was obtained, so cash in an inflow, so positive sign. If liab. or S.E. decreased, then cash was spent, so cash in an outflow, so negative sign. Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity

17. 2.c.2. T-account Worksheet • The columnar works well when the change in each balance sheet account affects only one of the three types of activities. It becomes cumbersome for more complex (and realistic) situations. • The T-account approach is a direct extension of T-accounts - facilitates analysis of a transaction which involves more than one activity. • For example, the change in Retained Earnings can be due to both net income (operating activity) and dividends (financing activity).

18. 2.c.2. T-account Worksheet 1. Obtain beginning and ending balance sheets. 2. Prepare a T-account worksheet with a master account, cash, divided into operating, investing and financing sections. 3. Explain the change in the master cash account by reconstructing the original entries in a summary form. 4. Make any necessary adjustments. 5. Recast the master account in the format of a cash flow statement.

19. 2.c.2. T-account Worksheet (Cont.) Various Balance Sheet Accounts beginning balance ending balance Cash beginning balance Operations Investing Financing ending balance nnnnnn 3. this part of the cash account becomes the cash flow statement. 2. these are offset by an opposite entry in the cash account. nnnnnn 1. adjustments are made to all balance sheet accounts to bring the beginning balance to the ending balance.

20. 3. Effects of a Sale of a Long-Term Assets on Cash Flows • A few transactions complicate the derivation of a cash flow statement from a comparative balance sheet, for example, the sale of a long-term (or fixed) asset. • Recall the journal entry for the sale of an asset: Cash nnnn Accumulated Depreciation nnnn Asset nnnn Gain (or loss) on sale nnnn

21. 3. Sale of an Asset (Cont.) • Each of the four parts of the above journal entry require an adjustment in the cash flow statement. • The first line, cash, adds a line to the investing section. • The second line, a debit to accumulated depreciation, increases the depreciation expense above the change in the change in the accumulated depreciation account. • The third line, a credit to the asset, increases the amount of cash invested in long-lived assets above the change in the fixed asset accounts. • The fourth line, a gain or loss, is reversed out in the operating sections since this is not a cash flow.

22. Comparison of Cash Flow to Net Income • Net income is an accrual based concept and purports to show the long-term. • Cash flows purport to show the short term. • Consider the outlook for both short-term and long-term and consider that each is either good or poor. • A strong growing firm would show both good long-term and good short-term outlooks. • A failing firm would show both poor long-term and poor short term outlooks. • What about a firm with good cash flows (short-term) but poor net income (long-term)? • What about a firm with poor cash flows (short-term) but good net income (long-term)?

23. 4. An International Perspective • The International Accounting Standards Board (IAS No. 7) recommends but does not require a statement of cash flows. • An approximation to a cash flow statement can be prepared from a comparative balance sheet with some additional information.

24. Chapter Summary • The statement of cash flows is presented. It reports the effects on cash flows of a firm’s operating, investing and financing activities. • Information in this statement helps in understanding: 1. How operations affect liquidity, 2. The level of capital expenditures needed to support growth, and 3. The major changes in financing. • Two methods are presented to produce a cash flow statement from a comparative balance sheet.