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Foundation Knowledge and Skills

This chapter provides an overview of the major classes of drugs, including their common names, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and special precautions. It covers drugs for the nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, musculoskeletal system, endocrine system, immune system, gastrointestinal system, urinary system, women's and men's health, anti-infectives, antiviral agents, antifungal agents, hematologic and oncologic agents, and nutritional and dietary supplements.

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Foundation Knowledge and Skills

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  1. Foundation Knowledge and Skills Chapter 10: Drug Classification and Pharmacologic Actions

  2. Learning Outcomes • For major classes of drugs: • Identify common drug names for each classification • Describe actions- therapeutic uses • Describe most common or most serious adverse effects • List special precautions

  3. Key Terms • Agranulocytosis • Antiproliferative • Arthralgia • Cross-sensitivity • Expectorate • Myalgia • Myelosuppression • Peripheral neuropathy • Rhinitis

  4. Section 1: Body Systems

  5. Drugs for Nervous System • Antiepileptic Agents • Parkinsonian Agents • Alzheimer’s Disease Agents • Multiple Sclerosis Agents • Drugs to Treat Headaches/Migraines • Drugs to Treat Neuropathic Pain • Drugs to Treat Mood Disorders • Antidepressants

  6. Drugs for Nervous System • Tricyclic Antidepressants • Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO-I) • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) • Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) • Miscellaneous Agents • Drugs for Bipolar Disorder • Anti-Anxiety Agents (Anxiolytics) • Antipsychotic Agents

  7. Drugs for Nervous System • Sedatives & Hypnotics • Drugs to Treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

  8. Cardiovascular System Drugs • Cholesterol-lowering Agents • HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors • Bile Acid Sequestrants • Fibrates • Other Lipid-lowering Agents • High Blood Pressure Agents (Antihypertensives) • Diuretics • Beta-blockers

  9. Cardiovascular System Drugs • ACE Inhibitors (ACEs) • Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) • Calcium Channel Blockers • Vasodilators • Nitrates • Digoxin • Antiarrhythmics

  10. Respiratory System Drugs • Bronchodilators • Corticosteroids • Other Agents for Treating Asthma • Cough and Cold Products

  11. Musculoskeletal System Drugs • Osteoporosis Agents • Anti-Inflammatory Agents • Skeletal Muscle Relaxants • Analgesics

  12. Endocrine System Drugs • Insulin • Oral Antidiabetic Agents • Thyroid Agents

  13. Immune System Drugs • Antihistamines • Nasal Corticosteroids • Vaccines

  14. Gastrointestinal System Drugs • Antacids • Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists • Proton Pump Inhibitors • Anti-Nausea (Antiemetic) Agents • Agents to Treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) • Antidiarrheals • Laxatives

  15. Urinary System Drugs • Overactive Bladder Agents

  16. Other Body Systems Drugs • Ophthalmics • Medications for Treating Conjunctivitis • Medications for Treating Glaucoma • Medications for Treating Dry Eyes • Otics • Topical Agents

  17. Section 2: Women’s and Men’s Health

  18. Women’s Health Drugs • Contraceptives • Fertility Agents • Hormone Replacement Therapy

  19. Men’s Health Drugs • Medications to Treat Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) • Medications to Treat Erectile Dysfunction (ED)

  20. Section 3: Anti-Infectives

  21. Antibiotics • Beta-lactam Antibiotics • Penicillins • Cephalosporins • Carbapenems & Monobactams

  22. Antibiotics • Macrolides • Sulfonamides • Tetracyclines • Aminoglycosides • Fluoroquinolones • Clindamycin • Metronidazole • Vancomycin • Antitubercular Drugs

  23. Antiviral Agents • Herpes viruses • acyclovir (Zovirax), famciclovir (Famvir), valaciclovir (Valtrex) • Influenza A & B • oseltamivir (Tamiflu) • zanamivir (Relenza) • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) • ribavirin (Virazole) • Palivizumab (Synagis)

  24. Antiviral Agents for HIV • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)  AIDS • Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) • zidovudine (Retrovir), emtricitabine, didanosine, lamivudine • Protease inhibitors • Indinavir (Crixivan) • Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors • (NNRTI) • nevirapine (Viramune)

  25. Antiviral Agents for CMV • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) • ganciclovir (Cytovene) • foscarnet (Foscavir)

  26. Antifungal Agents • Amphotericin available in multiple formulations: • conventional • liposomal (AmBisome) • lipid complex (Abelcet) • colloidal lipid dispersion (Amphotec) • Azole antifungals • ketoconazole (Nizoral) • fluconazole (Diflcan) • itraconazole (Sporanox) • posaconazole (Noxafil) • voriconazole Vfend)

  27. Antifungal Agents • Echinocandins • caspofungin (Cancidas) • micafungin (Mycamine) • anidulafungin (Eraxis)

  28. Section 4: Hematologic andOncologic Agents

  29. Hematologic System Drugs • Blood Products • Anticoagulants and Thrombolytics • Thrombolytics

  30. Chemo Classifications • Alkylating Agents • Antibiotics • Antimetabolites • Aromatase Inhibitors • Biologic Response Modifiers • Heavy Metal Compounds (Platinums) • Hormones • Immunomodulators

  31. Chemo Classifications • Microtubule-targeting agents • Mitotic Inhibitors • Monoclonal Antibodies • Retinoids • Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) • Topoisomerase Inhibitors • Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors • Misc Agents

  32. Section 5: Nutritional andDietary Supplements

  33. Vitamins • Involved in cellular chemical reactions & essential to • normal tissue growth • maintenance & function • Vitamin D-synthesized by body with sunlight • all other essential vitamins from diet • Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) • Fat-soluble or water- soluble • fat-soluble vitamins : A,D,E, K

  34. Vitamin Synonyms • Vitamin A = Retinol • Vitamin E = Tocopherol • Vitamin B 1 = Thiamine • Vitamin B 2 = Riboflavin • Vitamin B 5 = Pantothenic Acid • Vitamin B 6 = Pyridoxine • Vitamin B 12 = Cyanocobalamin • Vitamin B 3 = Niacin = Nicotinic Acid

  35. Minerals • Constituents of enzymes, hormones, vitamins • Essential to • muscle contraction • nerve conduction • water and acid balance • Present in body in larger amounts • calcium, phosphorus, potassium, chloride, magnesium, sulfur • Trace elements • iron, zinc, iodine, chromium, selenium, fluoride, copper, manganese

  36. Minerals • 4 minerals administered as single entities • calcium • iron • potassium • magnesium

  37. Other Dietary Supplements • Complementary alternative medicine (CAM) • Incorrect belief that natural=safe • 36% of the population uses CAM • Immune system modulators (Echinacea) • Energy vitality CAM (ginseng, caffeine) • Weight loss CAM (caffeine, ginseng, bitter orange) • Women’s health CAM (calcium, soy) • Depression CAM (St. John’s Wort) • Bone/joint CAM (glucosamine/chondroitin)

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