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PART 1. SCIENTIFIC METHOD I. STEPS PROBLEM - always in the form of a QUESTION

PART 1. SCIENTIFIC METHOD I. STEPS PROBLEM - always in the form of a QUESTION GATHER INFORMATION 3. HYPOTHESIS – EDUCATED GUESS 4. EXPERIMENT – test hypothesis 5. OBSERVATIONS - analyze data, charts, graphs… 6. CONCLUSION - is your hypothesis right or wrong? 7. Repeat.

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PART 1. SCIENTIFIC METHOD I. STEPS PROBLEM - always in the form of a QUESTION

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  1. PART 1. SCIENTIFIC METHOD I. STEPS • PROBLEM - always in the form of a QUESTION • GATHER INFORMATION 3. HYPOTHESIS – EDUCATED GUESS 4. EXPERIMENT – test hypothesis 5. OBSERVATIONS - analyze data, charts, graphs… 6. CONCLUSION - is your hypothesis right or wrong? 7. Repeat

  2. II. Example: A student set up the experiment shown to learn about plant growth. The student added a different amount of water to 4 identical containers, each containing 4 seeds in 100 cubic centimeters of soil. All of the containers were placed in the same sunny location. The height of the plants were measured and recorded for 5 weeks.

  3. Hypothesis • I believe that the plants getting the most water will grow the most. e. 3 constants • Amount of soil, amount of sunlight, # of seeds f. What can be done to make the experiment more valid? • Repeat, increase sample size, use only one variable b. Independent variable • WATER c. Dependent variable • HEIGHT d. Control Group = • Seeds that do not receive water

  4. PART 2. MEASUREMENT I. LENGTH – meter • What is the length of the tadpole at the right? • In centimeters= • 3.1 cm • In millimeters = • 31 mm

  5. II. MASS – • the amount of matter in an object • What instrument is being used to measure the mass? • TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE 2. What is the mass of the object? • 175 g

  6. III. VOLUME • The amount of space an object takes up • Calculate the volume of the block below. Show all work in the work space below. • V = l x w x h • V = 2.4 cm x 4.2 cm x 5.3 cm • V = 53.4 cm3

  7. IV. DENSITY • Use the mass and volume of the blockin Sections II and III to calculate it’s density. Show all work. • m = 175 g, v = 53.4 cm3 • D = m v • D = 175 g 53.4 cm3 • D = 3.3 g/cm3

  8. 2. a. Will this object float in water? • NO b. Why or why not? • It won’t float in water because it is more dense than water (1 gm/mL) • c. You cut the block in half. What is the density of each half? • D = 3.3 g/cm3

  9. 2. What is the name of the instrument below? • GRADUATED CYLINDER 3. What is the volume of rock below? • 16 mL – 14 mL • V = 2 mL

  10. IV. REVIEW QUESTIONS • What is the temperature shown in the thermometer at the right? • 25°C

  11. 2. Convert the following measurements: • 2.45 cm = ?km 0.0000245 km b. 5.46 L = ?mL 5460 mL

  12. 1. eyepiece/ocular lens – lens that you look through 2. body tube – connects objective & eyepiece 3. stage – holds the slide 4. coarse adjustment knob – focusing under low power. 5. mirror/light source – provides light 6. fine adjustment knob – focusing for high power 7. base – structure that supports microscope 8. objective lens – lenses that magnify 9. diaphragm – controls amount of light 10. arm – supports body tube PART 3. MICROSCOPEI. PARTS & FUNCTIONS:

  13. Eyepiece / ocular lens II. LABEL THE PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE BELOW. Body tube Coarse adjustment knob Fine adjustment knob Objective lens Arm Stage Diaphragm Mirror / light Nosepiece Base

  14. III. USING THE MICROSCOPE 1. What would happen if you used the coarse adjustment under high power? • The lens and the slide may break! 2. When you observe a specimen using a microscope, how does the specimen appear? • Upside down and backwards 3. When you move the slide in any direction, how does the specimen on the slide appear to move? • In the opposite direction 4. Which objective lens allows you to observe LARGER field of view? • Low power

  15. 5. Calculate the total magnification: • Eyepiece = 15x, Objective = 5x • Total Mag = 75x 6. What is the student in the picture at the right preparing? • Wet mount 7. Why should the student make sure the cover slip is lowered at an angle? • To prevent air bubbles from forming

  16. What is the diameter of the field of view shown below? • 3.6 mm • 3600 um 2. What is the length of one of the cells shown below? • 1.5/3 = • 0.5 mm • 500 um 3. Determine the lengths of the objects in the microscopes field of view below? (mm & um) a. 0.8 mm 800 um IV. MEASURING WITH THE MICROSCOPE

  17. PART 4. CHEMISTRY 1. Label the parts of the atom below, and complete the chart. electron neutron proton

  18. 2. DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: a. ELEMENT – • Simple substance that cannot be broken down into something more simple b. COMPOUND – • 2 or more elements chemically combined c. MIXTURE – • 2 or more elements/compounds physically combined • Can easily be separated

  19. 3. Identify each substance as an element or compound: a. CO2 • Compound b. Na • Element c. CH4 • Compound d. H • element

  20. 7. In the table below, for each solution identify the solute and the solvent.

  21. Base your answers to questions 8 through 11 on the graph below and on your knowledge of science. The graph shows the solubility curves for potassium bromide and copper sulfate. 8. How many grams of the copper sulfate will dissolve in 100 grams of water at 30°C? • 25gm 9. How many grams of the potassium bromide will dissolve in 100 grams of water at 60°C? • 85gm • 10. Describe the relationship between temperature and the amount of copper sulfate from 0°C to 90°C. • As temp increases, solubility increases • 11. Describe 1 way to increase the rate of dissolving for a solution. • Heat it up, stir it

  22. 13. Identify each change below as a physical or chemical change. a. Ripping paper: • physical b. burning paper: • chemical c. melting: • physical d. baking a cake • chemical 12. Identify each property below as a physical or chemical property. a. Burning: • chemical b. color: • physical c. phase (solid, liquid, gas): • physical

  23. 14. Fill in the chart below describing phases of matter:

  24. 15. For each phase change below, identify how the material is changing, and whether heat is being absorbed or released. a. melting: • S  L, heat absorbed b. freezing • L  S, heat released c. evaporation • L  G, heat absorbed d. condensation • G  L, Heat released

  25. 16. Use the heating curve below to answer the following questions. a. What is the melting point of this substance? • 70°C b. At what temp does the substance start evaporating? • 140°C c. What is the boiling point of this substance? • 140°C d. Between what letters are all phase changes occurring? • B&C, D&E e. What is happening to the molecules of this substance as time increases? • Move faster and farther apart.

  26. 17. Identify 4 properties of metals: • Have luster • Ductile • Malleable • Good conductors of heat and electricity 18. Identify 3 properties of nonmetals: • brittle • Dull (not shiny) • Poor conductors of heat and electricity

  27. 19. Identify the parts of the periodic table being described below: a. Rows: • periods b. Elements to left of zigzag line: • metals c. Columns: • Groups/families e. Group18: • Noble gases f. On zigzag line: • Semi-metals/metalloids g: Elements to right of zigzag line: • nonmetals

  28. 20. Atomic number: • # of protons • 21. Mass number: • protons + neutrons • Atomic mass rounded to nearest whole #

  29. 22. The diagram below represents n element from the period table. Atomic #: • 14 Atomic Mass = • 28.0855 # of protons 14 Mass # = • 28 # of neutrons • 28-14 = 14

  30. PART 5. CELLS I. CELL THEORY 1. Who developed the cell theory? • a. Hooke = looked at cork under a microscope, name what he saw “cells” • b. Schleiden = all plants are made of cells • c. Schwann= all animals are made of cells • d. Virchow= all cells come from other cells

  31. 2. a. List the parts of the CELL THEORY below. • Cells are the basic unit of structure for all living things. • Cells are the basic unit of function for all living things. • All cells come from pre-existing cells Exception: • Viruses are not made of cells. • First cell could not have come from another cell • Mit & Chloroplast have own DNA

  32. Cell membrane – semi-permeable 2. Nucleus – control center a. Nuclear membrane – surrounds nucleus b. Nucleolus – produces ribosomes c.Chromosomes – genetic material 3. Cytoplasm– jelly-like materials, holds all organelles 4. Mitchondria – produces energy (by respiration) 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum –tunnels in the cytoplasm (transport) 6. Vacuoles – storage 7. Ribosomes– produce proteins 8. Golgi bodies – packages and ships III. ORGANELLES FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS 1. Cell Wall – outer wall made of cellulose, protects, gives plant cell shape 2. Chloroplasts – carry out photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll (absorbs light) IV. ORGANELLES FOUND ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS 1. Lysosomes – contain enzymes that break down/digest materials 2. Centrioles – aid in cell division II. CELL ORGANELLES

  33. D. Ribosomes E. Cytoplasm V. LABEL THE CELLS ORGANELLES BELOW: F. Lysosome G. Vacuole H. Golgi bodies I. Mitochondria J. DNA K. Nucleus L. Nucleolus A. Nuclear membrane M. ER B. Centrioles C. Cell membrane

  34. E. Chloroplasts F. Ribosome G. DNA H. Nucleus I. Nuclear membrane J. Nucleolus K. Mitochondria A. ER C. Cell wall L. Cytoplasm B. Vacuole D. Cell membrane M. Golgi bodies

  35. V. TRANSPORT • PASSIVE TRANSPORT: • highlow, WITH CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, NO ENERGY REQUIRED 2 TYPES: • Diffusion & osmosis (water) b. What happens to a cell if it’s placed in salt water? • Water leaves the cell (osmosis)  cell shrivels up b. What happens if it is placed in pure water? • Water enters the cell (osmosis)  swells

  36. 2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT –low to high concentration, AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, ENERGY IS REQUIRED

  37. Label each diagram as diffusion, osmosis, or active transport. • Active transport 2. Diffusion (passive transport) 3. Osmosis H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O

  38. VII.RESPIRATION – glucose broken down to produce ENERGY (ATP), IN THE MITOCHONDRIA TYPES: • AEROBIC RESPIRATION – uses oxygen, produces 36 ATP • a. Label the equation below. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP glucoseoxygencarbondioxidewaterenergy 2. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION – fermentation, does not require oxygen, produces only 2 ATP a. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (yeast) C6H12O6 alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP b. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION (muscles) C6H12O6 lactic acid + CO2 + 2ATP

  39. VIII. LIVING THINGS • UNICELLULAR ORGANISM • A living thing made up of only once cell b. MULTICELLUAR ORGANISM • A living thing made up of 2 or more cells c. 5 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM • CELLS  TISSUES  ORGANS  ORGAN SYSTEM  ORGANISM d. HOMEOSTASIS • Maintaining a stable, internal environment

  40. PART 6. CLASSIFICATION • CLASSIFICATION – grouping organisms according to similar characteristics 1. PROKARYOTIC CELL – • No nucleus • (Bacteria) 2. EUKARYOTIC CELL – • Has nucleus • multicellular organisms

  41. II. 7 LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION: KINGDOM  PHYLUM  CLASS ORDER  FAMILY  GENUS  SPECIES (largest, most diverse)(smallest, most similar) Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Stools III. BINOMIAL NOMENTCALTURE • Genus species 3. Example: Homo sapiens Homo = Genus, sapiens = species

  42. IV. 6 KINGDOMS1. Fill in the missing parts of the chart.

  43. HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS PART 7. SKELTAL SYSTEM 3. TENDONS – connective tissue which connects MUSCLES TO BONES 4. LIGAMENTS– connective tissue which connects BONE TO BONE I. FUNCTIONS 1. movement 2. protection & support 3. makes blood cells 4. shape 5. stores materials (calcium & phosphorus) II. PARTS • BONES – 206 in body bone marrow – produces blood cells 2. CARTILAGE • flexible • protection & support c. cushioning (bw vertebrae) d. make up body parts (nose, ears) e. end of bones

  44. PART 8. MUSCULAR SYSTEM I. FUNCTION • LOCOMOTION (movement) by contracting and relaxing of the muscles

  45. II. TYPES OF MUSCLES Fill in the missing parts of the chart below.

  46. 4. How do skeletal muscles WORK IN PAIRS. • One contracts while the other relaxes.

  47. PART 9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM I. FUNCTION – NUTRITION • 1. INGESTION – taking in of food • 2. DIGESTION – the breakdown of food • 3. EGESTION– the removal of undigested wastes

  48. II. NUTRIENTS– substances needed by the human body 4.VITAMINS - normal functioning 5. MINERALS- normal functioning 6.WATER - makes up body, transport, chemical reactions • CARBOHYDRATES • sugars & starches • provide ENERGY 2.PROTEINS • amino acids • build & repair 3.LIPIDS • Energy, protection, insulation

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