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성전파성 질환

성전파성 질환. 성빈센트병원 이 승 주. Topics. Background Information “ Drips ” “ Sores ” Role of STDs in HIV Transmission. Background Information. 용어의 변천. Venereal disease (VD) , Jean Fernel (1558) Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Chancroid Lymphogranuloma venereum , Donovanosis

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성전파성 질환

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  1. 성전파성 질환 성빈센트병원 이 승 주

  2. Topics • Background Information • “Drips” • “Sores” • Role of STDs in HIV Transmission

  3. Background Information

  4. 용어의 변천 • Venereal disease (VD), Jean Fernel (1558) • Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Chancroid • Lymphogranulomavenereum, Donovanosis • Sexually transmitted disease (STD), WHO (1974) • Nonspecific urethritis, trichomoniasis, genital herpes, genital warts, hepatitis B, and many others • Sexually transmitted infection (STI),(2000-) • Asymptomatic infected people • Reproductive tract infection (RTI) • Bacterial vaginosis

  5. 성병의 증상 및 무증상 감염 Background • “Drips” (discharges) • Gonorrhea • Chlamydia • Nongonococcal urethritis / mucopurulent cervicitis • Trichomonas vaginitis / urethritis • Candidiasis (vulvovaginal, less problems in men)

  6. 성병의 증상 및 무증상 감염 Background • “Sores” (ulcers) • Syphilis • Genital herpes (HSV-2, HSV-1) • Others uncommon in South Korea • Lymphogranuloma venereum • Chancroid • Granuloma inguinale • “Warts” (condyloma) • Genital HPV (Condyloma acuminata) • Asymptomatic infection • Chlamydia

  7. “Drips” Gonorrhea Nongonococcal urethritis Chlamydia Mucopurulent cervicitis Trichomonas vaginitis and urethritis Candidiasis

  8. Gonorrhea - 임상양상 Drips • Urethritis - male • Incubation: 1-14 d (usually 2-5 d) • Sx: Dysuria and urethral discharge (5% asymptomatic) • Dx: Gram stain urethral smear (+) > 98% culture • Complications • Urogenital infection - female • Endocervical canal primary site • 70-90% also colonize urethra • Incubation: unclear; sx usually in l0 d • Sx: majority asymptomatic; may have vaginal discharge, dysuria, urination, labial pain/swelling, abd. pain • Dx: Gram stain smear (+) 50-70% culture • Complications

  9. Gonorrhea Drips Source: Florida STD/HIV Prevention Training Center

  10. Gonorrhea - Gram Stain Drips Source: Cincinnati STD/HIV Prevention Training Center

  11. Nongonococcal Urethritis Drips Source: Diepgen TL, Yihune G et al. Dermatology Online Atlas

  12. Nongonococcal Urethritis Drips • Etiology: • 20-40% C. trachomatis • 20-30% genital mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma genitalium) • Occasional Trichomonas vaginalis, HSV • Unknown in ~50% cases • Sx: Mild dysuria, mucoid discharge • Dx: Urethral smear  5 PMNs (usually 15)/OI field Urine microscopic  10 PMNs/HPF Leukocyte esterase (+)

  13. Chlamydia trachomatis Drips • More than three million new cases annually • Responsible for causing cervicitis, urethritis, proctitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, and pelvic inflammatory disease • Direct and indirect cost of chlamydial infections run into billions of dollars • Potential to transmit to newborn during delivery • Conjunctivitis, pneumonia

  14. Laboratory Tests for Chlamydia Drips • Tissue culture has been the standard • Specificity approaching 100% • Sensitivity ranges from 60% to 90% • Non-amplified tests • Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA), e.g. Chlamydiazyme • sensitivity and specificity of 85% and 97% respectively • useful for high volume screening • false positives • Nucleic Acid Hybridization (NA Probe), e.g. Gen-Probe Pace-2 • sensitivities ranging from 75% to 100%; specificities greater than 95% • detects chlamydial ribosomal RNA • able to detect gonorrhea and chlamydia from one swab • need for large amounts of sample DNA

  15. Laboratory Tests for Chlamydia (continued) Drips • Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) • Ligase chain reaction (LCR) • Strand displacement amplification (SDA) • Sensitivities with PCR and LCR 95% and 85-98% respectively; specificity approaches 100% • NAATs ability to detect chlamydia in first void urine

  16. PCR의 기술적인 문제점 • 위음성 • 검사자의 실수, 검체 체취의 문제점 • 기술적인 문제 • 환자의 검체 내에 목적으로 하는 핵산의 양이 적을 때 • 목적으로 하는 핵산의 변이 (Mutation) • 억제물질 (inhibitor)의 존재 • 위양성 • 검사자의 실수, 검체 체취의 문제점 • 목적으로 하지 않은 핵산의 증폭 • 오염 (Contamination)

  17. Dead organism • PCR은 살아있는 미생물과 죽은 미생물을 구별할 수 없다. 항생제 등의 치료로 인해 세균이 죽더라도 그 DNA는 존재한다. • 치료완료 후 즉각적인 검사는 dead organism을 검출하여 양성으로 판정하는 문제가 발생할 수 있다. • 따라서 치료 후 F/U PCR 검사는 치료완료 후 최소 3주 이후에 시행한다.

  18. Not a quantitative test • 보통의 PCR 검사는 정량검사가 아닌 정성검사이다. 따라서 PCR은 미생물의 DNA의 존재여부만을 확인하는 것이지 그 미생물의 양을 측정하는 것이 아니다.

  19. Multiplex PCR • 남성 요도염 또는 여성 STI6종 검사 • Neisseria gonorrhoeae • Chlamydia trachomatis • Mycoplasma genitalium • Ureaplasma urealyticum • Mycoplasma hominis (?? Pathogen이 아닐 가능성) • Trichomonas vaginalis • 한 검체로 동시검사하는 장점 • 각 원인균이 동일한 중요성을 가지고 있는가?

  20. Multiplex PCR • 전립선염 15종 • 요도염 6종 • Escherichia coli • Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Enterococcus faecalis • Proteus spp • Staphylococcus aureus • Klebsiella spp • Strepptpcoccus spp • Enterobacter spp • Veillonella spp • 상기 원인균들이 실제 전립선염 원인균으로 작용하고 있는가?

  21. PCR 검사요약 • PCR은 미생물을 직접 검출할 수 있는 민감하고 빠르고 정확한 검사이다. • 하지만, 언제든지 위양성과 위음성과 같은 기술적인 문제점이 발생할 수 있다. • 따라서 엄격한 정도관리 (strict quality control program)가 필요하다. • 검사하는 의사 또는 의료인 • 검사대행업체 • 또한 이러한 이유 때문에 임상적 적용에도 신중을 요한다.

  22. 올바른 검체채취와 검체의 보관 • 모든 검체가 PCR검사에 이용 가능 • 남성 Urethral swab (전용 면봉 및 운반키트가 추천됨) • 여성 Cervical swab (전용 면봉 및 운반키트가 추천됨) • 여성 Vaginal swab (전용 면봉 및 운반키트가 추천됨) • 여성 Self-collected vaginal swab (우편을 통한 집단검진 screening에 주로 이용) • 남성, 여성 Urine (First-voided urine)

  23. Urine • 비침습적 검체로 선호됨 • 단, 다음 사항에 주의 • First-catch voided urine for urethritis • 적어도 2시간 이상 참거나 first morning urine • 검체의 보관은 냉장고에 • 도말검체는 2℃–27℃에서 5일, 2℃–8℃에서 7일간 보관이 가능하며, 소변검체는 상온에서는 24시간, 2℃–8℃에서는 5일까지 보관이 가능

  24. 치료 • Gonorrhea • Spectinomycin 2g IM once • Ceftriaxone 250mg IM once • Chlamydia and other NGU • Azithromycin 1g PO single dose • Doxycyclin 100mg bid for 7 days • Trichomoniasis • Metronidazole 2g PO single dose • Metronidazole 500mg bid for 7 days • 술 먹지 마세요!

  25. Recurrent urethritis • 원인 • 항생제 내성 • 약을 제대로 먹지 않음 • 파트너 치료 안됨 • Trichomonas vaginalis • HSV urethritis • 다른 문제? : urethral foreign bodies, periurethral fistula, abscess • 치료 • Longer duration of treatment • Azithromycin ↔ Doxycycline • Metronidazole 2g PO once

  26. “Sores” Syphilis Genital Herpes (HSV-2, HSV-1)

  27. Genital Ulcer Diseases –Does It Hurt? Sores • Painful • Chancroid • Genital herpes simplex • Painless • Syphilis • Lymphogranuloma venereum • Granuloma inguinale

  28. Syphilis - Clinical course

  29. Primary Syphilis - 임상양상 Sores • Incubation: 10-90 days (average 3 weeks) • Chancre • Early: macule/papule  erodes • Late: clean based, painless, indurated ulcer with smooth firm borders • Unnoticed in 15-30% of patients • Resolves in 1-5 weeks • HIGHLY INFECTIOUS

  30. Primary Syphilis Chancre Sores Source: Florida STD/HIV Prevention Training Center

  31. Secondary Syphilis - 임상양상 Sores • Represents hematogenous dissemination of spirochetes • Usually 2-8 weeks after chancre appears • Findings: • rash - whole body (includes palms/soles) • mucous patches • condylomata lata - HIGHLY INFECTIOUS • constitutional symptoms • Sn/Sx resolve in 2-10 weeks

  32. Secondary Syphilis: Generalized Body Rash Sores Source: CDC/NCHSTP/Division of STD Prevention, STD Clinical Slides

  33. Secondary Syphilis Rash Sores Source: Florida STD/HIV Prevention Training Center

  34. Secondary Syphilis –Condylomata Lata Sores Source: Florida STD/HIV Prevention Training Center

  35. Syphilis - Testing Strategies • Routine Screening – • Nontreponemal test + Confirmatory treponemal test • VDRL (or RPR) + TPHA– Best combination • Follow-up & Monitoring after treatment • 치료 전 반드시 titer!! (Nontreponemal test titer ) • VDRL titer or RPR titer • 같은 방법으로 F/U (ex. VDRL  VDRL)

  36. Response of VDRL titer to therapy

  37. Antibody response in Syphilitic infections

  38. Syphilis - Treatment • Benzathine Penicillin G 240만 IU IM (한올제약 마이신주) • Primary, secondary, early latent : once • Late latent or unknown duration : three doses at 1-week interval • Aqueous crystalline Penicillin G IV (근화제약 페니실린지칼륨주) • Neurosyphilis • Doxycycline PO • Tetracycline PO • Ceftriaxone IM or IV • Azithromycin PO

  39. Syphilis - Follow-up • VDRL titer (RPR titer) • Every 3 – 6 months • Until seronegative or serofast  If not, CSF examination • Persistent syphilitic lesion or titer not decreasing (4 folds)  Retreatment

  40. Persistently positive VDRL • Serofast state • Treatment failure: more likely with erythromycin or tetracycline • Reinfection • Biological false-positives

  41. Serofast state • Positive VDRL for life • Fixed low titer • Usually at titers  1:8 • Due to late treatment

  42. Lack of documented adequate treatment • Stable low titer VDRL extending back over years • Usually do not have active syphilis • Consider asymptomatic neurosyphilis • Treat for late latent syphilis

  43. Random positive VDRL • Without any symptoms or prior history of syphilis • Patient’s denial of any exposure • TPHA & VDRL titer • Consider asymptomatic neurosyphilis • Treat for late latent syphilis

  44. 진단서 발급문제 • 가끔 환자들이 취업 때문에 검진을 받은 후 과거의 매독감염 및 치료 Hx. 때문에VDRL이나 RPR이 seronegative로 전환되지 않고 지속되어 곤란해 하면서 진단서를 발급해달라고 오는 경우가 있습니다. • 완치가 확실한 serofast state일 때는 질병코드를 R76.0 또는 R76.9, 혹시 위양성 반응일 때는 R76.2로 잡고 “상승된 항체역가가 관찰되지만 매독 등 다른 질환은 없다”고 써주면 될 것 같습니다. • R76    혈청의 기타 면역학적 이상 소견(Other abnormal immunological findings in serum)   R76.0 상승된 항체역가(Raised antibody titre)   R76.2 매독의 가양성 혈청 시험(False-positive serological test for syphilis)   R76.9 상세불명의 혈청의 면역학적 이상 소견(Abnormal immunological finding  in serum, unspecified)

  45. Syphilis - Summary • Initial screening: VDRL (or RPR) + TPHA • Before treatment: VDRL (or RPR) titer, HIV & other STD tests • Treatment according to the guideline • Follow-up: VDRL (or RPR) titer • If suspicious, but negative, repeat to confirm.

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