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Understanding Acids, Bases, and Chemical Reactions in Chemistry - O-Level Study Guide

Dive into the world of acids, bases, and chemical reactions with this comprehensive O-Level Chemistry study guide. Learn about the properties of acids and bases, enthalpy changes, and rate of reaction concepts. Discover methods for preparing salts and interpreting experimental data on reaction rates.

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Understanding Acids, Bases, and Chemical Reactions in Chemistry - O-Level Study Guide

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  1. The City School Miss Saima Sohail O- Level Chemistry Darakhshan Campus Senior Boys December 2011 to April 2011

  2. acids and bases • Meanings of the terms acid and alkali in terms of the ions in aqueous solution. • Test for ion concentration and hence relative acidity using Universal Indicator paper and the pH scale • Properties of acids as in reactions with metals, bases and carbonates • Difference between strong and weak acids in terms of the extent of ionization • Neutralization as a reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to produce water, H+ + OH− → H2O • Properties of bases in reactions with acids and with ammonium salts • Classification of oxides.

  3. ENERGY FROM CHEMICALS • Enthalpy change in terms of exothermic (ΔH negative) and endothermic (ΔH positive) reactions • Represent energy changes by energy profile diagrams, including reaction enthalpy changes and activation energies • Bond breaking as an endothermic process and bond making as an exothermic process • Overall enthalpy changes in terms of the energy changes associated with the breaking and making of covalent bonds

  4. Rate of reaction • Effect of concentration, pressure, particle size and temperature on the rates of reactions and explain these effects in terms of collisions between reacting particles • Catalyst & the effect of catalysts on the rates of reactions • Pathways with lower activation energies account for the increase in rates of reactions • Suitable method for investigating the effect of a given variable on the rate of a reaction • Data interpretation from experiments concerned with rate of reaction

  5. Preparation of salts • Techniques used in the preparation, separation and purification of salts . • Precipitation and titration reactions of acids with metals, insoluble bases and insoluble carbonates. • General rules of solubility for common salts. • Method of preparing a given salt from suitable starting materials, given appropriate information

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