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Carrageenan

Carrageenan. A food additive used in dairy. Carrageenan. Overview. What is that stuff?. Derived from Red Seaweed ( Rhodophyceae ) Mostly used in Kappa, Iota, and Lambda forms Commonly used as a food additive (thickener) Most common applications Ice Cream Pudding Chocolate Milk Sauces

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Carrageenan

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  1. Carrageenan A food additive used in dairy

  2. Carrageenan Overview

  3. What is that stuff? • Derived from Red Seaweed (Rhodophyceae) • Mostly used in Kappa, Iota, and Lambda forms • Commonly used as a food additive (thickener) • Most common applications • Ice Cream • Pudding • Chocolate Milk • Sauces • Marshmallow Fluff A.P. Imeson, Carrageenan

  4. History of Carrageenan Applications • First documented use: Carrageen County,Ireland • Common name: Irish Moss • Found off shores of Great Britain • Boiled down and added to pudding • Eucheuma, in far east, used as food and food thickener. • Later recognized as large source of Carrageenan

  5. Dairy Applications A.P. Imeson, Carrageenan

  6. Use in Ice Cream • Kappa Carrageenan is used • Reason: Tougher gel formation • Purpose: Gel creates thicker more creamy texture • Slows melting process • Why? • Additive to solution depresses Tfand increases Tm • Helical structures that form gel require more energy to break

  7. Use in Chocolate Milk • Kappa and Lambda(cold soluble) • Purpose: creates an emulsion between chocolate particles and milk • Why? • Gel is comprised of cross-linked and aligned helices, as well as pockets that hold solvent • These structures thicken the solution, making it smoother and also distributes suspension particles evenly and holds them in place

  8. Carrageenan Chemistry

  9. Varying Chemical Structures of Carrageenan

  10. Carrageenan Chains • Typically constructed carrageenan polymers weighs 100,000 Daltons • The large chain length allows for gellation to take place

  11. Carrageenan Processing and Raw Materials

  12. Raw Materials • The main species used commercially are Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum. • Grow on reefs and in shallow lagoons in the Far East. • E. cottonii yields κ carrageenan. • E. spinosum contains ι carrageenan. Eucheuma cottonii (MCPI Corporation) Eucheuma spinosum (Itrademarket.com)

  13. Raw Materials • Chondrus crispus (Irish Moss) • Found around the coasts of the North Atlantic • Contain both κ and λ types. Chondrus crispus (Marine-Genomics-Europe.org)

  14. Raw Materials • Gigartina • Collected from the cold deep coastal waters off Chile and Peru • κ and λ carrageenans. Gigartina (Alibaba.com)

  15. Processing Imeson, A. P. "Carrageenan." Handbook of hydrocolloids. Woodhead Limited. 87-102.

  16. Carrageenan Gelation Mechanism

  17. Gelation Mechanism • Mechanism similar to Agar formation • Heat past melting point – form random coils • Cool to form 3-D network "Training Manual on Gracilaria Culture and Seaweed Processing in China." FAO: FAO Home. 31 Mar. 2009 <http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB730E/AB730E03.htm>.

  18. Gellation Mechanism cont. • Cooling forms coaxial double helices • Addition of cation further crosslinks • κ – Carrageenan uses K+ ions • Ions surpress electrostatic repulsion • Causes crosslinking of domains "Training Manual on Gracilaria Culture and Seaweed Processing in China." FAO: FAO Home. 31 Mar. 2009 <http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB730E/AB730E03.htm>.

  19. Conformation Effects • Presence of sulfate groups • Steric hindrance • In k-, Sulfate on C-4 ok • Physical conformation • C1 verses 1C chair conformation • C1 causes kinks in chain • Kinks reduce gel strength "Training Manual on Gracilaria Culture and Seaweed Processing in China." FAO: FAO Home. 31 Mar. 2009 <http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB730E/AB730E03.htm>.

  20. Carrageenan Future/Disadvantages

  21. Disadvantages of Carrageenan • Once a gel is broken, the network cannot be reconstructed • Low molecular weight carrageenans were originally thought to be bad for the digestive tract • This was said to cause nausea and diarrhea • Recent studies deny these unwanted affects

  22. Future Applications • Carrageenan solutions are being tested for use in condoms • Research has shown that carrageenan can block HPV from sticking to cells • These carrageenan laced condoms provide an effective alternative to a vaccination • Carrageenan lubricants are also available to prevent this disease

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