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Charles E. Lindblom The Science of “Muddling Through” published 1959 Alice Christian PA 302 February 13, 2006

Charles E. Lindblom The Science of “Muddling Through” published 1959 Alice Christian PA 302 February 13, 2006. By Root or By Branch. Intertwining Evaluation and Empirical Analysis (1a) How to rank values? “A problem of adjustments at the margin” p. 180.

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Charles E. Lindblom The Science of “Muddling Through” published 1959 Alice Christian PA 302 February 13, 2006

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  1. Charles E. Lindblom The Science of “Muddling Through” published 1959 Alice Christian PA 302 February 13, 2006

  2. By Root or By Branch • Intertwining Evaluation and Empirical Analysis (1a) • How to rank values? • “A problem of adjustments at the margin” p. 180

  3. Relations Between Means and Ends (2b) • “How can an administrator know whether he has made a wise or foolish decision if he is without prior values or objectives by which to judge his decisions?” p. 181

  4. The Test of “Good” Policy (3b) • “Good” if it can be shown to attain a specific objective; it is not possible to judge in the abstract. • Judge by agreement on the policy itself

  5. Noncomprehensive Analysis (4b) • Need to simplify by limiting policy comparisons to those that differ in relatively small degrees from present policies. • Relevance as Well as Realism • Compare with existing policies

  6. Achieving a Degree of Comprehensiveness • “Every important interest or value has its watchdog.” P. 183

  7. Succession of Comparison (5b) • Theorists and Practitioners Theory is limited in that: 1. It is “greedy for facts” 2. It is insufficiently precise.

  8. “Policy…is made and re-madeendlessly.”

  9. Successive Comparison as a System • “It is a method or system, it is not a failure of method for which administrators ought to apologize.” P. 185 • Diversity within agencies improves decision-making.

  10. Lindblom’s World View • Lindblom’s worldview is pragmatic and activist. • His theory of Incrementalism grew out of his extensive studies of welfare policies and trade unions throughout the industrialized world. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Lindblom Feb 7, 2006

  11. Why is this important to Public Sector Organizations? • Compared with Taylor’s “One Best Way,” Lindblom advocates for constant input into systems by those involved. • “Watchdog” system will keep values in balance.

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