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The Fight for Equality

The Fight for Equality. Jim Crow Laws Education (Plessy vs. Ferguson and Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education The South Resists Montgomery Bus Boycott--Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr. Sit-ins and Freedom Riders Malcolm X Violent Backlash. I. Jim Crow Laws.

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The Fight for Equality

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  1. The Fight for Equality Jim Crow Laws Education (Plessy vs. Ferguson and Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education The South Resists Montgomery Bus Boycott--Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr. Sit-ins and Freedom Riders Malcolm X Violent Backlash

  2. I. Jim Crow Laws • A. After the Civil War (1870’s) • B. Laws passed to segregate whites and blacks • C. mostly in Southern states • D. whites controlled state legislatures

  3. E. Examples: • 1. literacy tests • 2. poll taxes • 3. grandfather clause (you could only vote if your grandfather had that right) • 4. outlawed marriage between whites and blacks • 5. separate facilities for the 2 races • 6. separate railroad cars for the races • 7. separate restrooms • 8. schools and housing segregated

  4. An Alabama Jim Crow Law from the 1890’s It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment. It shall be unlawful for a Negro and white person to play together or be in company with each other at any game of pool or billiards. Every employer of white or Negro males shall provide for such white or Negro males reasonably accessible and separate toilet facilities.

  5. Challenging Jim Crow • Throughout the late 1800’s and most of the 1900’s, there were many challenges to Jim Crow • A. Homer Plessy: 1/8 black tried to sit in the white car on a train (He lost) • B. Plessy v. Ferguson: separate but equal was OK (1896) • C. Many other challenges

  6. Gains by African-Americans • A. Housing • 1. by 1970’s: more African-Americans moved into suburbs from cities • Income 1. 1947: African-Americans made about 50% of whites 2. 1960: 55% 3. 2000: 64%

  7. II. Equality in Education • A. Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) • 1. separate but equal was OK • B. South--things separate • 1. schools • 2. bathrooms and water fountains • 3. could not vote • C. Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) • 1. separate but equal was UNCONSTITUTIONAL • 2. Argued by Thurgood Marshall • 3. Supreme Court’s decision: • All schools must be “integrated”

  8. Brown Family

  9. Thurgood Marshall

  10. III. The South Resists--Little Rock, Arkansas • A. South would not integrate schools • B. Little Rock, Arkansas (1957) • 1. school board tries to integrate--9 blacks were to enroll in school • 2. National Guard called in to prevent blacks from entering the school • 3. Federal judge gets Nat. Guard out • 4. Sept. 23, 1957. Blacks enter school. • 5. White mob forced them out

  11. 6. President Eisenhower sends in federal troops to protect the African-American students and allow them into the school • 7. IMPORTANT: 1st time Federal Gov. intervenes to advance the rights of African-Americans • 8. This event televised: people’s opinion changed: against racism and for civil rights

  12. IV. Montgomery Bus Boycott • A. Martin Luther King and Mrs. Rosa Parks • 1. King • a. Born in Atlanta, 1929 • b. son of a minister • c. attended Morehouse College • d. Doctor’s degree in theology--Boston Univ. • e. Natural leader--use peaceful tactics • 2. Parks • a. Dec. 1, 1955 • b. Sat in front of bus in Montgomery, Ala. • c. She was told to get up • d. Police arrested her

  13. C The nonviolent way • 1. King--agreed Parks case was wrong • a. use nonviolence to show opposition • 2. Bus boycott • a. 381 days • -- car pool • -- walk to work • -- some lost jobs--couldn’t get there • b. bus companies almost bankrupt • -- blacks won this case • ***A start to desegration everywhere!!!!

  14. Rosa Parks

  15. Martin Luther King, Jr.

  16. V. Sit-Ins and Freedom Riders • A. Sit-Ins • 1. 1960’s: civil rights movement picked up momentum • 2. Greensboro, NC: students stage sit-in at a segregated lunch counter (1960) • 3. other non-violent protests followed

  17. B. Freedom Riders • 1. From the north • 2. They went south to try to end segregation • 3. Both blacks and whites participated • 4. Group led by James Farmer • 5. Group called Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) • a. Goal: take trips to South to make sure segregation laws were being enforced

  18. James Farmer

  19. VI. Malcolm X • 1. a Black Muslim • 2. told blacks to develop own power • 3. separate from those who do not treat them equal • 4. start own businesses • 5. start own communities • 6. develop interest in their history and culture • 7. develop pride in their culture

  20. Malcolm X

  21. VII. Violent Backlash • A. Medgar Evers • 1. NAACP leader • 2. murdered in Jackson, Mississippi (1963) • B. University of Mississippi • 1. Black student named James Meredith wants • to enroll • 2. Riots broke out • 3. Courts ordered U. of Mississippi to let him in • 4. Meredith’s life was threatened • 5. JFK sent federal marshals to help out • 6. Meredith became first black at Ole Miss

  22. Medgar Evers and the driveway in which he was killed

  23. C. Birmingham, Alabama (1963) 1. racists bombed Baptist church, killing 4 young African-American girls D. 1960’s: Violence on both sides of civil rights increased E. The march on Washington • 1. August 28, 1963 • a. 250,000 people at Lincoln Memorial • b. Organized by black leaders • c. For support of civil rights • d. Men, women, black, and whites • e. waved flags, sang songs, speeches • 2. MLK spoke • a. “I have a dream” speech given • b. said nation should show that “all men are • created equal” F. 1968: Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated

  24. March on Washington

  25. King Assassination

  26. Summary: Events of the Civil Rights Movement, 1964-1971 • 1964 CORE and SNCC launched massive voter registration drive aimed at African-Americans; known as the Freedom Summer • 1964 Civil Rights Act made segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment illegal. • 1964 Three civil rights workers in Mississippi killed by racists

  27. 1965 Black nationalist leader Malcolm X assassinated in Harlem by Black Muslins • 1965 African Americans ld by Martin Luther King, Jr. marched to Montgomery in support of voting rights; stopped by police blockade; several marchers injured after police use tear gas, whips, and clubs; known as “bloody Sunday.” • 1965 Congress passed Voting Rights Act, which made it easier for Southern blacks to register; literacy tests became illegal

  28. 1965-1968 Race riots in Los Angeles, Newark, New York, Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago • 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr., assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee • 1968 Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. • 1971 Supreme Court decision Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education ruled that busing is a legitimate means for achieving integration of public schools.

  29. 1. OGT Multiple Choice • He was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969. Under his leadership, the court reached a landmark decision in the case of Brown vs. Board of Education. He was • A. John Marshall • B. Albert Gore • C. Thurgood Marshall • D. Earl Warren

  30. 2. OGT Multiple Choice • Which of the following tactics did Martin Luther King, Jr. urge his followers to practice? • A. collective bargaining • B. nonviolent demonstration • C. massive retaliation • D. nonpeaceful coexistence

  31. 3. OGT Multiple Choice • In Brown vs. Board of Education, the Supreme Court held that • A. the states, not the federal government, have to deal with civil rights • B. racially separate facilities do not violate the 14th Amendment • C. racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional • D. racial separate facilities damage the education of white children

  32. 4. OGT Multiple Choice • The lawyer who argued for Brown in Brown vs. Board of Education and later became the 1st African-American to sit on the Supreme Court was • A. Thurgood Marshall • B. Earl Warren • C. Lyndon Johnson • D. Martin Luther King, Jr.

  33. 5. OGT Multiple Choice • Martin Luther King, Jr. was a leader in which one of the following events? • A. the Little Rock school crisis • B. Brown vs. Board of Education • C. the Montgomery bus boycott • D. the lunch counter sit-in

  34. 6. OGT Multiple Choice • (Practice Test Booklet 2005) The Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954 did which of the following: • A. Struck down the principal of “separate but equal” in schools • B. Provided for segregated school based on race • C. Supported the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 • D. Supported the principal of “separate but equal” in schools

  35. 7. OGT Multiple Choice • (Practice Test Booklet 2005) The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 established the principal of • A. one man, one vote • B. separate but equal • C. runaway slaves were property • D. desegregation in schools

  36. 8. OGT Multiple Choice • (Practice Test Booklet 2005) Rosa parks played an important role in the civil rights movement for African-Americans. In 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, she • A. was the first African-American to be elected mayor • B. led a successful civil rights demonstration at the steps of the state capital • C. successfully integrated a restaurant, which had been for whites only • D. refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man

  37. 9. OGT Multiple Choice • (Practice Test Booklet 2005) In 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks broke the law by refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. One result of her civil disobedience was • A. African-Americans were no longer allowed to ride the same buses as whites • B. a year-long boycott of riding the buses by African-Americans • C. African-Americans continued to ride in the back of the buses • D. it had little impact because she was not well-known

  38. 10. OGT Multiple Choice • The march on Washington was led by Martin Luther King, Jr. on August 28, 1963. At which landmark was the march held? • A. Washington Memorial • B. White House • C. Smithsonian Institution • D. Lincoln Memorial

  39. 11. OGT Multiple Choice • To gain power for African-Americans, Malcolm X urged all of the following EXCEPT • A. Develop pride in their culture • B. Start their own businesses and communities • C. Develop interest in their history and culture • D. Get along with and associate with those who did not treat them equally

  40. 1. OGT Extended Response • Explain the difference between the decision made in Plessy v. Ferguson (1898) and the decision made in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). What are some reasons why the decision made in Plessy was reversed in Brown. (Does this prove that the U.S. Constitution is a living document? How?) (4 pts)

  41. 2. OGT Extended Response • Throughout the Civil Rights movement, African-Americans used several types of nonviolent protests. (4 points) • List and explain 2 types of nonviolent protests used. • Do you feel nonviolent protests or violent protests are better? Why?

  42. Cultural Perspectives • Benchmark: Analyze the influence of different cultural perspectives on the actions of groups.

  43. Political Action Groups • A. Historically: Americans form groups of like-minded people to achieve goals • B. Perspective: dictates how a group views a problem • C. Groups sometimes form Political Action Groups (PAC’s) • 1. try to get government to help • 2. organize public awareness • 3. Examples: NAACP, NOW, AIM

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