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Controlling Sutardja Dai Hall

Buildings account for 40% of U.S. electricity consumption and 42% of greenhouse gas emissions. This initiative focuses on improving energy efficiency in commercial spaces, such as Sutardja Dai Hall. The building, equipped with over 6,000 sensors and actuators, seeks to integrate flexible load management and robust control systems. The objective is to minimize energy waste due to oblivious control loops and oversizing. By leveraging modular building controllers and smart networking, we aim for a globally-aware control architecture that optimizes performance while ensuring reliability, safety, and security.

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Controlling Sutardja Dai Hall

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  1. Controlling Sutardja Dai Hall Andrew Krioukov Stephen Dawson-Haggerty, Jay Taneja David Culler

  2. Buildings 40% of US electricity 42% of greenhouse gas footprint • Want: • Energy Efficiency • Flexible Load

  3. Building Power Consumption 1MW 883 kW 11%

  4. Sutardja Dai Hall 3 years old 7 floors, 140k sq. feet Collaboratories, offices, classrooms, auditorium & nanofab Siemens Controls, WattStopper > 6000 sensors & actuators

  5. Building Control Network Sensors, Actuators Controllers Readings & Actuation sMAP/ HTTP Internet BACnet/IP Modem Siemens P2 over RS-485 Gateway WattStopper Server Siemens Server Modem

  6. Cooling Tower Chiller Hot Water Economizer Air Handler VAV VAV VAV

  7. Problems 1. Oblivious control loops • Increasing thermostat on warm day wastes energy • Conflicting controls 2. Oversizing • Excess ventilation • Oversized chiller Inefficient, Inflexible Control

  8. Why? Modular Building Controller Motorola 68302 16.67 MHz Processor 3MB RAM RS-485 @ 300 - 115.2K bps 60 day battery backup • Hardware: • Resource limited • Reliability is the goal • Supports independent operation • Generic control logic: Oversizing ensures comfortable operation in most buildings with less effort • Historic: Replacing pneumatic/analog controls

  9. Goal Globally-aware control with the same reliability. • What is the architecture? • How to ensure: robustness, security and safety? • What is the control policy?

  10. Building Control Architecture Sensors & Actuators Low-level Control High-level Control Valve pos, Damper pos, Fan speed Set points, PID parameters Weather, Energy Prices Internet Building-wide optimization PID Loops How to do “atomic” building configuration changes? Security model? Enforcing safety constraints.

  11. Policy Components • Supply air temp • Airflow • Room set points • Cold water pumps • Chiller • Hot water pumps

  12. Variable Air Volume (VAV) Box • Ventilation • Maintain temperature 100% Heating Valve Cold Airflow Min airflow 0% Too Cold Setpoint Too Hot

  13. VAV Control 100% Cooling Dead band 100% Heating

  14. Conflicting VAVs Max heating • S1-9 - Mechanical Room • S4-20 - Floor 4 open office • S5-9 - Floor 5 hallway • S5-21 - Floor 5 open office • S5-4 - Floor 5 open office • S7-9 - Floor 7 open office • S7-3 - Floor 7 open office Max Cooling • S1-1 – Boiler room • S4-4 – Floor 4 open office • S5-8 - Floor 5 office • S5-10 - Floor 5 open office • S7-13 - Floor 7 open office • S7-10 - Floor 7 open office • S7-1 - Floor 7 open office

  15. Ventilation • TITLE 24: • 15 CFM per person of fresh air • 900 – 1100 PPM CO2 • VAVs have static minimum airflow base on: • Maximum occupancy • Minimum fresh air intake

  16. Fresh Air Intake

  17. Questions?

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