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Exploring Fundamental Forces and Particles in Physics

This presentation discusses the foundational aspects of matter and forces in physics, tracing the contributions of key figures such as Maxwell, Einstein, and Yang-Mills. It delves into statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, and the intricacies of particle physics, including the Standard Model and the Higgs mechanism. The talk highlights the four fundamental forces, the nature of elementary particles like leptons and quarks, and the significance of quantum field theory. Additionally, it explores the quest for grand unification theories and insights into gravitational forces.

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Exploring Fundamental Forces and Particles in Physics

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  1. Gerard ’t Hooft Utrecht University The Nature of MATTER and FORCES Stockholm, August 27, 2004

  2. Sir James Clark Maxwell • 1831-1879 • - Statistical Mechanics • Thermodynamics • Improved the mathematical • formulation of Michael • Faraday’s theories of • electricity and magnetic • lines of force ...

  3. The electro-magnetic force

  4. Albert Einstein 1879 – 1955 1905: - Photo-electric effect - Special Relativity - Brownian motion; statistical mechanics 1915: General relativity (gravitation)

  5. Special Relativity

  6. Quantum Mechanics

  7. the ATOM

  8. QUANTUM the ATOM

  9. Quantum Mechanics Special Relativity + = Elementary Particle Physics ( = High Energy Physics = Quantum Field Theory )

  10. 1969 photon Leptons anti- leptons This is only 4 % of the matter in the Universe ! (See Licia verde’s talk) Hadrons mesons baryons anti- baryons anti- 

  11. Known from experiment the forces Forces: the ELECTRO MAGNETIC force the STRONG force the WEAK force

  12. The Yang-Mills Field C.N. Yang and R.L. Mills, 1954

  13. Yang - Mills quanta o o - + o + - neutron proton + o

  14. Multiplets According to the Yang-Mills-theory P N Nucleons pions Yang-Mills bosons

  15. Peter Higgs

  16. Breaking Rotational Symmetry THIS becomes an essential degree of freedom ... And THIS is the Higgs degree of Freedom … turning the gauge force carriers massive !

  17. S.L. Glashow St. Weinberg A. Salam

  18. Weinberg’s lepton model Weinberg Model Anti – Leptons Gauge bosons Leptons Higgs

  19. The hadronic particles … Antiproton Proton Lambda Pi-plus Pi-zero

  20. The Yang-Mills Color Field Quantum Chromo Dynamics

  21. weak u u u d d d c c c charm strong top t t t b b b bottom Quark species quarks Antiquarks up down strange s s s

  22. Generation I Generation II Generation III Leptons Quarks g Gauge Bosons The Standard Model Higgs Graviton

  23. Total cross sections CESR DORIS PEP PETRA TRISTAN

  24. The fourth force: Gravitation

  25. Planck length : Today’s Limit … The highway across the desert GUTs

  26. SU(4) x SU(2) x SU(2) Further unification SO(10) 3 generations

  27. The SuperString Theory

  28. A Black Hole

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