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Survey Methods 3

Survey Methods 3. Class 21. Agree/Disagree Format. Agree. Disagree. I wish my family would be more courteous. I am tired of having to watch what I say. Venting pent up feelings is selfish. My family doesn't need any mediation. Problems with this format?.

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Survey Methods 3

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  1. Survey Methods 3 Class 21

  2. Agree/Disagree Format Agree Disagree • I wish my family would be more courteous. • I am tired of having to watch what I say. • Venting pent up feelings is selfish. • My family doesn't need any mediation. Problems with this format?

  3. Problems With Agree/Disagree Format • Loose info when squeezing range of attitudes into a dichotomy. Can’t correlate responses w’ each other. • Works best for extreme attitudes. Can’t distinguish moderate or ambivalent attitudess from extreme attitudes. • Confusing to indicate a negative (or positive) attitude by responding in the affirmative (or negative). Fowler discourages use of agree/disagree for these reasons.

  4. What Difference Does It Make To Include / Exclude "Don't Know" (DK) Response? 1. Does it change rate at which people say DK? 2. Does it change the rate at which substantive (non-DK) responses are endorsed, relative to one another? 3. Does DK option change relationships between variables?

  5. Solution: Provide DK option.

  6. “Floaters”: A Problem and a Mystery Floaters: People who give a response when there is not a DK (“don’t know”) filter, but who reply “Don’t Know” when there is a DK filter. Relations between responses changes when DK filters are used. * Floaters weaken true correlations * Floaters can create false correls, where none actually exist * Floaters sometimes make no difference at all Who are floaters? Difficult to say. For obscure questions, floaters tend to be among the less educated.

  7. Schwartz: Self Reports 1. How people make sense of questions: Pragmatics of Communication 2. How people answer behavioral questions Cognitive strategies and heuristics 3. Special case of attitude questions: Context effects

  8. Literal Meaning and Pragmatic Meaning • Literal Meaning: • How would you articulate the chronologically proximal condition of your • limbic-related subjective state? • Q. How would you describe your current mood? • Pragmatic Meaning: • Q. How would you describe your current mood? • (Do they want to know what I'm feeling right now?) • (Do they want to know how I'd express my feelings, e.g. in words, in song, through interpretive dance?)

  9. Grician Maxims and the • Pragmatics of Communications • 1.Relation: Contribution must be ??? to conversation. • Quantity: Provide ??? information: • 3.Manner: Information should be relayed ???. • 4.Quality: Information should be ???, not ???.

  10. Grician Maxims and the • Pragmatics of Communications • 1.Relation: Contribution must be relevant to conversation. • Quantity: Provide sufficient information: • not too little, not too much. • 3.Manner: Information should be relayed clearly and succinctly, not ambiguous and not over-wordy. • 4.Quality: Information should be true, not false.

  11. Inquiry Maxim Invoked Violation of Maxim Adherence to Maxim What brings you here today? ???? My Car My sinuses What is the nature of your problem? ???? I feel bad. [OR] My sinuses, located throughout my skull and producing mucus, I think I may have a sinus infection. What are your symptoms? ???? As the Bard mused upon the stoppage of the River Thames… My nose is all stuffed up. Have you taken meds I prescribed ???? Sure have—every day [a lie]. I keep forgetting—sorry [the truth] Grician Maxims Go to the Doctor

  12. Inquiry Maxim Invoked Violation of Maxim Adherence to Maxim What brings you here today? Relation My Car My sinuses What is the nature of your problem? Quantity I feel bad. [OR] My sinuses, located throughout my skull and producing mucus, I think I may have a sinus infection. What are your symptoms? Manner As the Bard mused upon the stoppage of the River Thames… My nose is all stuffed up. Have you taken meds I prescribed Quality Sure have—every day [a lie]. I keep forgetting—sorry [the truth] Grician Maxims Go to the Doctor

  13. Whoa! Way too much information!

  14. How do I get to Kent? Go to Smith Hall, third floor, Room 352  Tell him Social Psychology sucks

  15. Relevance of Grician Maxims Survey Questions 1. In normal conversation, people assume others are following these maxims. 2. In surveys, people make the same assumption: a. All info. in surveys serves to convey main points 1) Wording 2) Cues in the format, structure, order 3. People use maxims to figure out how to answer survey questions.

  16. Closed-Ended Questions Help Clarify Meaning of Inquiry “What is the most important thing for children to prepare them for life?” _______________________________________ OPEN ENDED “What is the most important thing for children to prepare them for life?” A. _____ Learning math CLOSED ENDED B. _____ Language skills C. _____ Politeness and manners D. _____ To think for themselves E. _____ Experimental methods “To think for themselves” Open ended endorse this: 04.6% Closed ended endorse this: 61.5% Note: The effect of closed-ended questions is probably a combination of added clarity plus suggesting responses that do not spontaneously occur to respondent.

  17. "Frequent" Frame "Infrequent" Frame Once a day Once a week 4-6 times a week 2-3 times a month 2-3 times a week Once a month Once a week Once every 2-3 months Once a month Once every 6 months Frequency Scales and Question Interpretation Q. How often do conflicts arise in your family?

  18. "Frequent" Frame "Infrequent" Frame Once a day Once a week 4-6 times a week 2-3 times a month 2-3 times a week X Once a month X Once a week Once every 2-3 months Once a month Once every 6 months Frequency Scales and Question Interpretation Q. How often do conflicts arise in your family? Frequent Common events Infrequent  Extreme events

  19. Framing Past Events Affects Reports of Current EventsWinkielman, Knaüper, & Schwarz, 1998 Q1: “How often do you get angry during a typical (week/year)? Hardly Ever Very Frequently 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Q2: “Based on Q1, how would you answer the following (1-10 scale)? Week Year Freq. of angering events: 3.77 4.26 Intensity of feelings around events 5.74 6.37 Seriousness of events 5.32 6.37 Answer to Q1 (“How often?”) 3.77 4.26

  20. Not at all Not at all Barely at all Barely at all Slightly Slightly Some-what Some-what Moder-ately Moder-ately Very Very Completely Completely -3 0 1 -2 2 -1 0 3 4 1 2 5 3 6 Rating Scale Format as Cue to Question Meaning Q. How satisfied are you with the way family members respond to your concerns? Q. How satisfied are you with the way family members respond to your concerns?

  21. Not at all Not at all Barely at all Barely at all Slightly Slightly Some-what Some-what Moder-ately Moder-ately Very Very Completely Completely -3 0 1 -2 -1 2 3 0 1 4 2 5 3 6 Rating Scale Format as Cue to Question Meaning Q. How satisfied are you with the way family members respond to your concerns? Q. How satisfied are you with the way family members respond to your concerns? Note: Bipolar implies neg & pos, unipolar implies pos only

  22. Researcher Affiliation as a Context Cue "Hi. I'm from the Institute for Personality Research. Why do you think family conflicts occur?" KINDS OF ANSWERS LIKELY TO GET? "Hi. I'm from the Institute for Social Research. Why do you think family conflicts occur?" KINDS OF ANSWERS LIKELY TO GET?

  23. Researcher Affiliation as a Context Cue "Hi. I'm from the Institute for Personality Research. Why do you think family conflicts occur?" * Hostile types in this family * People lack communication skills "Hi. I'm from the Institute for Social Research. Why do you think family conflicts occur?" * No time for family dinners * Economic pressures

  24. Inferring Meaning of Questions from Adjacent Questions Target Question: Do you support the newly instituted educational contribution? [IN FACT THERE IS NO SUCH POLICY] Preceding question A. Do you favor the American system where students pay their own tuition? B. Do you favor the Scandinavian system of government sponsored college education? Students favored contribution more when preceded by Question A or B?

  25. Inferring Meaning of Questions from Adjacent Questions Target Question: Do you support the newly instituted educational contribution? [IN FACT THERE IS NO SUCH POLICY] Preceding question A. Do you favor the American system where students pay their own tuition? Implies that contribution will come from students. B. Do you favor the Scandinavian system of government sponsored college education? Implies that contribution will come from government. Students favored contribution more when preceded by Question B than by Question A.

  26. Psychological Influences on Question Response How often do people in your family have conflicts? I. Cognitive tasks: 1. Recall of information 2. Computation of judgment 3. Format judgment in terms of choices II. Motivational/emotional issues 1. Self presentation 2. Social desirability

  27. Survey Format Affects Interpretation of Responses • People who review survey results will draw format-based inferences about the meaning of responses. • Example: MD estimates of illness severity shaped by patient reports, which are shaped by survey response options.

  28. Effects of Outcome (e.g., Symptom) Clarity and Frequency on Outcome Reporting Vague Symptom (e.g., "feeling unwell") Clear Symptom (e.g., "fever")

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