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Chemistry 142 Chapter 19: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry

Chemistry 142 Chapter 19: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry. Outline Types of Radiation Nuclear Equations Radioactive Decay Applications of Radioactivity. Image left by uranic rays. a. g. b. Types of Radiation and Their Penetrating Abilities. 0.01 mm 1 mm 100 mm.

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Chemistry 142 Chapter 19: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry

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  1. Chemistry 142Chapter 19: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry Outline Types of Radiation Nuclear Equations Radioactive Decay Applications of Radioactivity

  2. Image left by uranic rays Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  3. a g b Types of Radiation and Their Penetrating Abilities 0.01 mm 1 mm 100 mm Pieces of Lead

  4. Types of radioactive decay • alpha particle emission

  5. Types of radioactive decay • beta emission

  6. Types of radioactive decay • positron emission

  7. Biological Effect of Radiation

  8. 23.1

  9. Stability

  10. Valley of Stability for Z = 1  20, stable N/Z ≈ 1 for Z = 20  40, stable N/Z approaches 1.25 for Z = 40  80, stable N/Z approaches 1.5 for Z > 83, there are no stable nuclei Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  11. U-238 Decay Series a b b a a a a or b a b a b b a a b a b b a b or other combinations Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  12. +++ +++ Detecting Radioactivity Film Badge Electroscope Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  13. Detecting Radioactivity Geiger-Müller Counter (Geiger Counter) Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 17

  14. Half-Life of a First-Order Reaction Is Constant Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  15. Chapter 19 – Nuclear ChemistryExample – Half-Life 19.1 Technetium-99m is used to form pictures of internal organs in the body; Particularly to assess heart damage. The rate constant, k, for Tc-99m is 1.16 x 10-1 hr-1, what is the half-life?

  16. Chapter 19 – Nuclear ChemistryExample – Half-Life 19.2 The half-life of molybdenum-99 is 67.0 hours. How much of a 1.000 mg sample of Mo-99 is left after 335 hours?

  17. Chapter 19 – Nuclear ChemistryExample – Half-Life 19.3 Sodium-24 decays by positron emission, has a half-life of 60 hours, and an atomic mass of 23.9909633 amu. Suppose that a patient is injected with 80. mg of sodium-24 to measure their sodium electrolyte balance. • How much remains after 75 hours? • How many positron emissions occur in 75 hours? • What dose of radiation (in Ci) is the person exposed to?

  18. Radiocarbon Dating of Artifacts

  19. Calibration Curves for Radiocarbon Dating

  20. Chapter 19 – Nuclear ChemistryExample – Radioactive Dating 19.4 The remnants of an ancient fire in a cave in Africa showed a carbon-14 decay rate of 3.1 counts per minutes per gram of carbon. Assuming that the decay rate of carbon-14 in freshly cut wood is 13.6 counts per minutes per gram of carbon, calculate the age of the remnants (t1/2 C-14 is 5730 years).

  21. Chapter 19 – Nuclear ChemistryExample – Radioactive Dating 19.5 A rock containing uranium-238 and lead-206 was examined to determine its approximate age. Analysis showed the ratio of lead-206 atoms to uranium-238 atoms to be 0.115. Assuming no lead was originally present, that all the lead-206 formed over the years has remained in the rock and that the number of nuclides in intermediate stages of decay between uranium-238 and lead-206 is negligible, calculate the age of the rock (t1/2 U-238 is 4.5 x 109 years).

  22. Fission Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  23. 235U + 1n 90Sr + 143Xe + 31n + Energy 0 38 0 54 92 Nuclear Fission Representative fission reaction 23.5

  24. Tokamak Fusion Reactor Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  25. Cyclotron Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  26. Linear Accelerator Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  27. Chapter 19 – Nuclear ChemistryExample – Binding Energy 19.6 Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for the helium-4 nucleus. Given the atomic mass of helium-4 is 4.0026 amu, a proton is 1.67493 x 10-24 g and a neutron is 1.67266 x 10-24 g. (1 amu = 1.66053873 x 10-24 g)

  28. Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  29. Fat Man and Little Boy

  30. Nuclear Power Use

  31. Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  32. PLWR Containment Building Turbine Condenser Boiler Core Cold Water

  33. Control Rods PLWR - Core Hot Water Fuel Rods Cold Water

  34. UT 10/1/03

  35. UT 10/1/03

  36. Sources of Radiation

  37. Quantities of Radiation

  38. Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  39. Physiological Effect of a Single Dose of Radiation

  40. Bone Scan with 99mTc Medical Applications of Radioisotopes Brain images with 123I-labeled compound Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

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