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2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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4. Microbial Nutrition Culturing Microorganisms Cell Differentiation and Starvation Culturing Bacteria Microbial Culture Methods ] Bacterial Identification Culturing Microorganisms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Microbial Growth Culturing Microorganisms(continued) Bacterial Population Growth Counting Bacteria Temperature and Microbial Growth ] Other Environmental Growth Factors Culturing Microorganisms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

6. Microbial Growth in Communities Culturing Microorganisms(continued) Control of Microbial Growth Mechanisms of Microbial Control Physical Antimicrobial Control ] Chemical Antimicrobial Control Culturing Microorganisms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

7. Culturing Microorganisms > Microbial Nutrition Microbial Nutrition • Chemical Analysis of Microbial Cytoplasm • Sources of Essential Nutrients • Limitation of Microbial Growth by Nutrient Supply Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/microbial-nutrition-56/

8. Culturing Microorganisms > Cell Differentiation and Starvation Cell Differentiation and Starvation • Activation of Starvation by Survival Genes • Oligotrophs • Starvation-Induced Fruiting Bodies • Bacterial Differentiation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/cell-differentiation-and-starvation-57/

9. Culturing Microorganisms > Culturing Bacteria Culturing Bacteria • Culture Media • Complex and Synthetic Media • Selective and Differential Media • Aseptic Technique, Dilution, Streaking, and Spread Plates • Special Culture Techniques Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/culturing-bacteria-58/

10. Culturing Microorganisms > Microbial Culture Methods Microbial Culture Methods • Enrichment and Isolation • Pure Culture • Preserving Bacterial Cultures • The FISH Technique • Coupling Specific Genes to Specific Organisms Using PCR Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/microbial-culture-methods-59/

11. Culturing Microorganisms > Bacterial Identification Bacterial Identification • Chemical Assays, Radioisotopic Methods, and Microelectrodes • Stable Isotopes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/bacterial-identification-60/

12. Culturing Microorganisms > Microbial Growth Microbial Growth • Binary Fission • Fts Proteins and Cell Division • MreB and Determinants of Cell Morphology • Peptidoglycan Synthesis and Cell Division • Generation Time Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/microbial-growth-61/

13. Culturing Microorganisms > Bacterial Population Growth Bacterial Population Growth • Microbial Growth Cycle • Growth Terminology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/bacterial-population-growth-62/

14. Culturing Microorganisms > Counting Bacteria Counting Bacteria • Direct Counting • Viable Cell Counting • Measurements of Microbial Mass • Detecting Acid and Gas Production Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/counting-bacteria-63/

15. Culturing Microorganisms > Temperature and Microbial Growth Temperature and Microbial Growth • Growth Rate and Temperature • Classification of Microorganisms by Growth Temperature • The Heat-Shock Response Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/temperature-and-microbial-growth-64/

16. Culturing Microorganisms > Other Environmental Growth Factors Other Environmental Growth Factors • Gas Requirements • Osmotic Pressure • Microbial Growth at Low or High pH • Oxygen Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/other-environmental-growth-factors-65/

17. Culturing Microorganisms > Microbial Growth in Communities Microbial Growth in Communities • Ecological Associations Among Microorganisms • Biofilms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/microbial-growth-in-communities-66/

18. Culturing Microorganisms > Control of Microbial Growth Control of Microbial Growth • Considerations in Microbial Control • Rate of Microbial Death • Relative Resistance of Microbes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/control-of-microbial-growth-67/

19. Culturing Microorganisms > Mechanisms of Microbial Control Mechanisms of Microbial Control • Alteration of Membrane Permeability • Damage to Proteins and Nucleic Acids Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/mechanisms-of-microbial-control-68/

20. Culturing Microorganisms > Physical Antimicrobial Control Physical Antimicrobial Control • Heat • Radiation • Low Temperatures • High Pressure • Desiccation • Osmotic Pressure • Filtration Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/physical-antimicrobial-control-69/

21. Culturing Microorganisms > Chemical Antimicrobial Control Chemical Antimicrobial Control • Effective Disinfection • Factors that Affect Germicidal Activity of Chemicals • Types of Disinfectants • Biological Control of Microbes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/chemical-antimicrobial-control-70/

22. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

23. Culturing Microorganisms Key terms • 12-D reductionThe time needed to reduce the amount of bacteria by 1012 bacteria per gram or milliliter. • acidophilean organism that lives and thrives under acidic conditions; a form of extremophile • AerobeAny organism (but especially a bacterium) that can tolerate the presence of oxygen or that needs oxygen to survive. • aerobicLiving or occurring only in the presence of oxygen. • aerobic respirationmetabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms and require oxygen to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) • aerotolerant anaerobean organism that does not require oxygen to sustain its metabolic processes, but is able to survive in the presence of oxygen • agarA gelatinous material obtained from the marine algae, used as a bacterial culture medium, in electrophoresis and as a food additive. • alkaliphileany organism that lives and thrives in an alkaline environment, such as a soda lake; a form of extremophile • alleleOne of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given position on a chromosome. • AnaerobeAn anaerobic organism; one that does not require oxygen to sustain its metabolic processes. • anaerobicWithout oxygen; especially of an environment or organism. • antibioticsagents that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

24. Culturing Microorganisms • antimicrobialAn antimicrobial substance kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Antimicrobial drugs either kill microbes (microbiocidal) or prevent the growth of microbes (microbiostatic). • antimicrobialAn agent that destroys microbes, inhibits their growth, or prevents or counteracts their pathogenic action. • antisepticAny substance that inhibits the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. Generally includes only those that are used on living objects (as opposed to disinfectants) and aren't transported by the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria in the body (as opposed to antibiotics). • atomThe smallest possible amount of matter which still retains its identity as a chemical element, now known to consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. • autotrophan organism that can synthesize its food from inorganic substances, using heat or light as a source of energy. • bacteriaA type, species, or strain of bacterium. • bacterial growthBacterial growth is the division of one bacterium into two daughter cells in a process called binary fission. • bacteriostaticA drug that prevents bacterial growth and reproduction but does not necessarily kill them. When it is removed from the environment the bacteria start growing again. • bacteriumA single celled organism with no nucleus. • binary fissionThe process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cells. • binary fissionthe process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cells • biofilman aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other on a surface Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

25. Culturing Microorganisms • bridgmanizationPascalization is also known as bridgmanization, named for physicist Percy Williams Bridgman. • bunsen burnerA small laboratory gas burner whose air supply may be controlled with an adjustable hole. • capnophileA microorganism that requires or grows best in presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide. • cell divisiona process by which a cell divides into two cells. • cell divisiona process by which a cell divides into two cells. • cell wallA thick, fairly rigid layer formed around individual cells of bacteria, Archaea, fungi, plants, and algae, the cell wall is external to the cell membrane and helps the cell maintain its shape and avoid damage. • closed cultureA closed culture has no additional nutrients added to the system, and waste products are not removed. Cultures in a closed system will follow a predicted growth curve. • colonyA bacterial colony is defined as a visible cluster of bacteria growing on the surface of or within a solid medium, presumably cultured from a single cell. • commensalismDescribes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. • cryogenicof, relating to, or performed at low temperatures • cultureThe process of growing a bacterial or other biological entity in an artificial medium. • cytoskeletonA cellular structure like a skeleton, contained within the cytoplasm. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

26. Culturing Microorganisms • cytoskeletonA cellular structure like a skeleton, contained within the cytoplasm. • cytoskeletonA cellular structure like a skeleton, contained within the cytoplasm. • D-valueThe time needed to reduce the bacterial population by 90% or one log10 at a given temperature. • desiccationthe state of drying • diazotrophA microorganism that can fix nitrogen. • differential mediaDifferential media or indicator media distinguish one microorganism type from another growing on the same media. • disinfectantA substance which kills germs and/or viruses. • disinfectantsDisinfectants are substances that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects. Disinfectants are substances that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects. • doubling timeThe doubling time is the period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value. It is applied to population growth, inflation, resource extraction, consumption of goods, compound interest, the volume of malignant tumours, and many other things which tend to grow over time. • endosporesAn endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the Firmicute phylum. • Enriched mediaContains nutrients required to support the growth of a wide variety of organisms. • esterAn ester is a chemical compound consisting of a carbonyl group adjacent to an ether linkage. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

27. Culturing Microorganisms • FISHFluorescence in situ hybridization is a cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize thespecific DNA or RNA sequences. • flow cytometryA technique used to sort and classify cells by using fluorescent markers on their surface. • fluorescenceThe emission of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) by a material when stimulated by the absorption of radiation or of a subatomic particle • freeze-dryingFreeze-drying, also known as lyophilisation, lyophilization, or cryodesiccation, is a dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material or make the material more convenient for transport. • geneA unit of heredity; a segment of DNA or RNA that is transmitted from one generation to the next. It carries genetic information such as the sequence of amino acids for a protein. • germicidesSome antiseptics are true germicides, capable of destroying microbes (bacteriocidal), while others are bacteriostatic and only prevent or inhibit their growth. • Graft-versus-host diseaseA complication after tissue or organ transplant or blood transfusion if the blood was not irradiated. White blood cells of the transplanted tissue or organ (the graft) attack cells in the recipients body (the host). • gravimeterAn instrument used to measure local variations in the gravitational field • halophileOrganisms that thrive in high salt concentrations. • heat shock responseThe cellular response to heat shock. • hemocytometerA device that counts microscopic particles. The hemocytometer works by creating a volumetric grid divided into differently sized cubes for accurately counting the number of particles in a cube and calculating the concentration of the entire sample. • heterotrophAn organism which requires an external supply of energy in the form of food as it cannot synthesize its own. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

28. Culturing Microorganisms • hopanoidsa group of pentacyclic compounds that exhibit various functions in prokaryotes • horizontal gene transferThe transfer of genetic material from one organism to another one that is not its offspring; especially common among bacteria. • hybridizeTo combine complementary subunits of multiple biological macromolecules. • hypertonicHaving a greater osmotic pressure than another. • hypotonicHaving a lower osmotic pressure than another. • inorganicrelating to a compound that does not contain carbon. • isotonicHaving the same osmotic pressure. • isotopeAny of two or more forms of an element where the atoms have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons within their nuclei. As a consequence, atoms for the same isotope will have the same atomic number but a different mass number (atomic weight). • karyokinesis(mitosis) the first portion of mitotic phase where division of the cell nucleus takes place • lag phasethe period of bacterial growth in which bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions; the individual bacteria are maturing and not yet able to divide • logarithmic growth phaseexponential phase (sometimes called the log phase or the logarithmic phase) is a period characterized by cell doubling. • Lyme diseaseInfection by a bacterium of the genus Borrelia which is transmitted by ticks. Symptoms include a rash followed by fever, joint pain, and headaches. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

29. Culturing Microorganisms • lysogeny brothLysogeny broth (LB) is a nutritionally-rich medium; primarily used for the growth of bacteria. • macronutrientsany element or nutrient required in large amounts. • membraneA flexible enclosing or separating tissue forming a plane or film and separating two environments (usually in a plant or animal). • mesophileAn organism, especially a microorganism, that lives and thrives at moderate temperatures. • mesophileAn organism, especially a microorganism, that lives and thrives at moderate temperatures. • metabolismthe complete set of chemical reactions that occur in living cells. • microbesA microorganism or microbe is a microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular), cell clusters, or multicellular relatively complex organisms. • microbicidesCompounds or substances whose purpose is to reduce the infectivity of microbes, such as viruses or bacteria. • micronutrientan element or nutrient required in small quantities. • microorganismsA microorganism or microbe is a microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular), cell clusters, or multicellular relatively complex organisms. • mitotic spindlethe apparatus that orchestrates the movement of DNA during mitosis • MreBMreB is a protein found in bacteria that has been identified as a homologue of actin, as indicated by similarities in tertiary structure and conservation of active site peptide sequence. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

30. Culturing Microorganisms • mutualismAny interaction between two species that benefits both; typically involves the exchange of substances or services. • neutrophileany organism that thrives in a relatively neutral pH • non-corrosiveThat does not cause corrosion. • NRCNuclear Regulatory Commission • oligotrophAn organism capable of living in an environment that offers very low levels of nutrients. • open cultureA continuous culture where periodically some of the bacterial culture is removed and added to fresh sterile medium. • organicrelating to the compounds of carbon, and relating to natural products • osmosisthe net movement of solvent molecules from a region of high solvent potential to a region of lower solvent potential through a partially permeable membrane • parasitismInteraction between two organisms, in which one organism (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is harmed. • parenteralAdministered by some means other than oral intake, particularly intravenously or by injection. • peptidoglycanA polymer of glycan and peptides found in bacterial cell walls. • peptidoglycanA polymer of glycan and peptides found in bacterial cell walls. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

31. Culturing Microorganisms • peptidoglycanA polymer of glycan and peptides found in bacterial cell walls. • permeableOf or relating to substance, substrate, membrane or material that absorbs or allows the passage of fluids. • plate countA means to identify the number of actively growing cells in a sample. • polyethersulfoneThermoplastic polymers that have low protein retention. They contain the subunit aryl-SO2-aryl, the defining feature of which is the sulfone group. • polymerase chain reactionA technique in molecular biology for creating multiple copies of DNA from a sample; used in genetic fingerprinting etc. • probioticslive microorganisms that may confer a health benefit on the host. • proliferationThe process by which an organism produces others of its kind; breeding, propagation, procreation, reproduction. • psychrophileAn organism that can live and thrive at temperatures much lower than normal; a form of extremophile. • quorum sensingA proposed method of communication between bacterial cells by the release and sensing of small diffusible signal molecules. • RadioactiveA particle that has spontaneous emission of ionizing radiation as a consequence of a nuclear reaction, or directly from the breakdown of an unstable nucleus. • recombinantThis term refers to something formed by combining existing elements in a new combination. Thus, the phrase recombinant DNA refers to an organism created in the lab by adding DNA from another species. • recombinantThis term refers to something formed by combining existing elements in a new combination. Thus, the phrase recombinant DNA refers to an organism created in the lab by adding DNA from another species. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

32. Culturing Microorganisms • replicationProcess by which an object, person, place or idea may be copied mimicked or reproduced. • saprotrophicExtra-cellular digestion involved in the processing of dead or decayed organic matter • segrosomesmultiprotein complexes that partition chromosomes/plasmids in bacteria. • segrosomesmultiprotein complexes that partition chromosomes/plasmids in bacteria. • septuma partition that separates the cells of a (septated) fungus • septuma partition that separates the cells of a (septated) fungus • serumThe clear yellowish fluid obtained upon separating whole blood into its solid and liquid components after it has been allowed to clot. Also called blood serum. • spectrophotometryA spectrophotometer is commonly used for the measurement of transmittance or reflectance of solutions. However they can also be designed to measure the diffusivity on any of the listed light ranges that usually cover around 200nm - 2500nm using different controls and calibrations. [2] Within these ranges of light, calibrations are needed on the machine using standards that vary in type depending on the wavelength of the photometric determination. [3] • sterilisationSterilization (or sterilisation) is a term referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills all forms of microbial life, including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spore forms, etc.) present on a surface, contained in a fluid, in medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media. • sterilizationAny process that eliminates or kills all forms of microbial life present on a surface, solution, or solid compound. • sterilizationAny process that eliminates or kills all forms of microbial life present on a surface, solution, or solid compound. • stigmergyA mechanism of spontaneous, indirect coordination between agents or actions, where the trace left in the environment by an action stimulates the performance of a subsequent action. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

33. Culturing Microorganisms • streak plateA petri dish with a growth medium. • stringent responsea stress response in bacteria in reaction to amino-acid starvation, fatty acid limitation, and other stress conditions. • thermophileAn organism that lives and thrives at relatively high temperatures; a form of extremophile; many are members of the Archaea. • thermophileAn organism that lives and thrives at relatively high temperatures; a form of extremophile; many are members of the Archaea. • turgidityTurgidity (turgor pressure) pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall of plant, bacteria, and fungi cells as well as those protiat cells which have cell walls. • TyndallisationTyndallisation is the process of three successive steam treatments to achieve sterilization over the course of three days. This works by killing vegetative cells, allowing germination of surviving spores, and killing the resulting vegetative cells before they have time to form further spores. • yellow feverAn acute febrile illness of tropical regions, caused by a flavivirus and spread by mosquitoes, characterized by jaundice, black vomit, and the absence of urination. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

34. Culturing Microorganisms Osmotic Pressure on Red Blood Cells Effect of different solutions on blood cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Osmotic pressure on blood cells diagram."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svgView on Boundless.com

35. Culturing Microorganisms Polymyxin B Polymyxin B has a hydrophobic tail that causes membrane damage. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Polymyxin."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolymyxinView on Boundless.com

36. Culturing Microorganisms FtsZ Filaments The Z-ring forms from smaller subunits of FtsZ filaments. These filaments may pull on each other and tighten to divide the cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."FtsZ."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FtsZView on Boundless.com

37. Culturing Microorganisms Electron micrograph of H. pylori possessing multiple flagella (negative staining) Several bacteria alter their morphology in response to the types and concentrations of external compounds.This has been described in bacteria such as E. coli and H. pylori. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."EMpylori."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EMpylori.jpgView on Boundless.com

38. Culturing Microorganisms Microbial pathogen growing on blood-agar plate Red blood cells are used to make an agar plate. Different pathogens that can use red blood cells to grow are shown on these plates. On the left is staphylococcus and the right streptococcus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Agarplate redbloodcells edit."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpgView on Boundless.com

39. Culturing Microorganisms Chlamydias bacteria group Light microscope view of cells infected with chlamydiae as shown by the brown inclusion bodies. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."ChlamydiaTrachomatisEinschlusskörperchen."CC BY 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChlamydiaTrachomatisEinschlussk%C3%B6rperchen.jpgView on Boundless.com

40. Culturing Microorganisms Selective Media Geomyces destructans in culture from bat tissues. (A) Original culture tubes of Sabouraud agar supplemented with nine antibiotics and incubated at 4°C for six- or eight-weeks; notice the profuse growth of G. destructans strains. (B) Some fungal contamination on individual isolates was visible as depicted in the close-up of a culture tube. (C) Enrichment and recovery of pure fungal colonies by treating a culture contaminated with bacteria with hydrochloric acid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Geomyces destructans cultures."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geomyces_destructans_cultures.jpgView on Boundless.com

41. Culturing Microorganisms Peptidoglycan structure The peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall is a crystal lattice structure formed from linear chains of two alternating amino sugars, namely N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc or NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc or NAM). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Peptidoglycan en.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Peptidoglycan_en.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

42. Culturing Microorganisms Glovebox Terra Universal 100 Glovebox Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Terra Universal 100 Glovebox."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terra_Universal_100_Glovebox.jpgView on Boundless.com

43. Culturing Microorganisms Selective media can be used to restrict the growth of non-target bacteria. Urine cultured on Oxoid Brilliance UTI Agar plate. 1uL of urine spread onto the agar surface. The top sample is from patient with clinical urinary tract infection (UTI). The bottom sample is a mixed culture. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Urine cultured on Oxoid Brilliance UTI Agar plate."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urine_cultured_on_Oxoid_Brilliance_UTI_Agar_plate.jpgView on Boundless.com

44. Culturing Microorganisms Streak plate Four streak plates. Successful streaks lead to individual colonies of microbes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Sembra%20en%20estria."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sembra_en_estria.svgView on Boundless.com

45. Culturing Microorganisms The Five Stages of Biofilm Development Stage 1: initial attachment; stage 2: irreversible attachment; stage 3: maturation I; stage 4: maturation II; stage 5: dispersion. Each stage of development in the diagram is paired with a photomicrograph of a developing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. All photomicrographs are shown at the same scale. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Biofilm."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biofilm.jpgView on Boundless.com

46. Culturing Microorganisms RelA/ SpoT protein homologue In bacteria stringent response is mediated by a variety of RelA/SpoT Homologue (RSH) proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."PDB 2be3 EBI."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_2be3_EBI.jpgView on Boundless.com

47. Culturing Microorganisms Spectrophotometer This spectrophotometer can measure as little as one microliter of a sample. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Nanodrop ND1000 spectrophotometer."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nanodrop_ND1000_spectrophotometer.jpgView on Boundless.com

48. Culturing Microorganisms Positive pressure suit A scientist puts on a positive pressure suit, something needed to work with the most dangerous human pathogens in a biosafety level 4 laboratory. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Positive-pressure biosafety suit."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Positive-pressure_biosafety_suit.jpgView on Boundless.com

49. Culturing Microorganisms Killing curve of C. botulinum This curve presents the DR value (12.6 seconds) and the 12-D reduction (151 seconds) for C. botulinum. The killing agent is heat at 121ºC. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Amazon Web Services."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://s3.amazonaws.com/figures.boundless.com/50a7dabbe4b0e5a61a919e3c/Killing_curve.jpgView on Boundless.com

50. Culturing Microorganisms Identity of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria Aerobically different bacteria behave differently when grown in liquid culture: 1) Obligate aerobic bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen. 2) Obligate anaerobic bacteria gather at the bottom to avoid oxygen. 3) Facultative bacteria gather mostly at the top, since aerobic respiration is advantageous (ie, energetically favorable); but as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test tube. 4) Microaerophiles gather at the upper part of the test tube but not at the top. They require oxygen, but at a lower concentration. 5) Aerotolerant bacteria are not affected at all by oxygen, and they are evenly spread along the test tube. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Anaerobic."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anaerobic.pngView on Boundless.com