Beginning Greek for Bible Study

1. Evgw, eivmi to; A[lfa Beginning Greek for Bible Study Class #3 Review of English Grammar kai; to; w=

2. Exegetical Example • 2 Cor. 5:21 – For He made Him who knew no sin to be sin on our behalf, so that we might become the righteousness of God in Him. • to.n mh. gno,nta a`marti,an u`pe.r h`mw/n a`marti,an evpoi,hsen( i[na h`mei/j genw,meqa dikaiosu,nh qeou/ evn auvtw/|Å

5. English Cases • The boy hit his ball • The boy – Subjective case • The ball – Objective case • His – Possessive case • Word order is usually key in identifying English cases

6. English Cases

7. Gender Inflection

8. English Number & Gender • Number refers to a word being either singular or plural. In English, sometimes this is accomplished by adding an “s” to the end of the word. Other times, the form changes (“man” becomes “men”). • Gender refers to a word as being either masculine, feminine, or neuter. • Most English nouns do not have gender. • However, most English pronouns do. • Sometimes, we assign “natural” gender to words.

9. English Grammar Terms • “Bob threw his green Greek book at the weird teacher.” • Noun – a word that stands for someone or something (Bob, book, teacher) • Adjective – a word that modifies a noun or pronoun (green, Greek, weird) • Preposition – a word that shows the relationship between two other words (at)

10. English Grammar Terms • Declension – a “pattern” of how words change to reflect their function • Plural • Adding “s” • Boy – Boys • Girl – Girls • Changing a vowel • Man – Men • Woman – Women • Drop the “y,” add “ies” • Family – families • Story – stories • Baby - babies

11. Nouns - Overview • Case • Number • Gender • Declension

12. Verbs - Overview • A verb is a word that describes an action or state of being: • Hit • Drive • Study • Think • Be – am, is, was

13. Verbs - Overview • Person • Number • Tense • Voice • Aspect • Mood

14. Verbs - Person • There are three “persons” – first, second, and third • First person – the person speaking (“I,” “we”) • Second person – the person being spoken to (“you,” “ya’ll”) • Third person – everything else (“he,” “she,” “it,” “they,” “book,” “coffee,” etc.)

15. Verbs - Person • She is a nice person. • I am a believer. • He is a baseball player. • This sweet tea is refreshing. • You are a student. • Ya’ll are from Texas.

16. Verbs - Number • In the English third person, the verb is inflected by adding the letter “s” to the end of the verb. • I hit the ball. • You hit the ball. • He hits the ball.

17. Verbs - Agreement • A verb must “agree” with its subject in person and number. • The class learn Greek. • The class learns Greek. • I teaches the class. • I teach the class. • There is no tests in Greek class. • There are no tests in Greek class.

18. Verbs - Tense • The tense of a verb refers to the TIME when the action of the verb takes place • There are three main tenses in English: • Present – I study • Past – I studied • Past Participle – I studied

19. Verbs - Tense

20. Verbs - Tense • Other tenses in English are built off of these three tenses • Usually, a “helping” verb is used to build other tenses: • I WILL swim • I HAVE eaten

21. Verbs - Voice • Voice refers to the relationship between the verb and its subject. A verb is either active or passive. • Active – the subject is doing the action – David hit the ball, She studied Greek • Passive – the subject is receiving the action – He was hit by the ball – She was justified by Christ

22. Verbs - Aspect • Aspect refers to the type of action that a verb describes • Continuous – ongoing process - “I am watching TV.” • Perfect – completed action with present consequences – “I have studied diligently.” • Undefined – says nothing other than that an action occurred – “I enjoy Greek.” • Don’t confuse tense with aspect.

23. Verbs - Aspect

24. Verbs – Mood • Mood refers to a verb’s relationship to reality • Indicative – statement of fact or reality. • Subjunctive – statement about what might happen. • Imperative - something that is commanded.

25. Clauses & Phrases • A clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and verb. • After Greek class, I am going home. • When I get home, I am going to bed. • A phrase is a group of words that does not have a subject or indicative verb. • After Greek class, I am going home. • Because of the weather, I stayed home.

26. Dependent (Subordinate) Clauses • A dependent (or subordinate) clause is a clause that cannot grammatically stand on its own. It does not make sense by itself. • When I get home • Because of the weather • An independent clause can stand on its own. • I am going home • I am going to bed • I am studying Greek

27. Clauses • Recognizing an independent clause from a dependent clause is ESSENTIAL for understanding the Bible. • The main point of a biblical text is usually in an independent clause, not a dependent clause.

28. Clauses – Col. 1:28-29 • 28 - We proclaim Him, admonishing every man and teaching every man with all wisdom, so that we may present every man complete in Christ. • 29 - For this purpose also I labor, striving according to His power, which mightily works within me.

29. Clauses – Col. 1:28-29 • We proclaim Him admonishing every man and teaching every man with all wisdom so that we may present every man complete in Christ. • For this purpose also I labor striving according to His power, which mightily works within me.

30. Clauses – 1 Peter 1:3-5 • 3 - Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to His great mercy has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, • 4 - to obtain an inheritance which is imperishable and undefiled and will not fade away, reserved in heaven for you, • 5 - who are protected by the power of God through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time.

31. Conjunctions • Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. • Coordinating – connect independent clauses (and, but, for, or, so, yet) • The word was with God and the word was God. • Be angry but do not sin. • Subordinate – begin a dependent clause and often link it to an independent clause (because, since, if, when, where) • I am studying because I want to do well. • If we ask anything according to his will, He hears us.

32. Types of Clauses • Relative – clauses that start with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, that) • “the rest of my fellow workers, whose names are in the book of life” (Phil. 4:3) • "There is another who testifies of Me, and I know that the testimony which He gives about Me is true.” (John 5:32)

33. Types of Phrases • Prepositional Phrase – start with a preposition • “The Greek book is under the table.” • “I do not receive glory from men” (John 5:41) • Participial Phrase – begin with a participle (a verb ending in “ing”) • After doing my Greek homework, I went to bed. • “You do not have His word abiding in you” (John 5:38)

34. Function of Phrases • Phrases can act as parts of speech • Noun – Whoever is with me is not against me. • Adjectival – He who is not for us is against us. • Adverbial – Drive with care.

35. Examples • The Light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not comprehend it. • If we confess our sins, He is faithful and righteous to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.

36. Homework • Read chapter 8 • Practice identifying parts of speech in your Bible • Memorize the alphabet and dipthongs

37. Advanced Class Class #3 Greek Nouns

38. Overview of Greek Nouns • Stem • Declension • Case • Number • Gender

39. Greek Cases • Greek has five cases: • Nominative case – identifies the subject • Genitive case – usually indicates possession • Dative case – usually identifies the indirect object • Accusative case – usually identifies the direct object • Vocative case – the case for direct address

40. Case Inflection

41. The Form of Greek Nouns • Case Endings – a suffix (ending) added to a word which is used to mark the case. • lo,goj • logou/ • Stem – what remains of a Greek noun after you remove the case ending. This is what identifies a word. • logo • qeo

42. The Form of Greek Nouns • Gender – a noun is either masculine, feminine, or neuter. A noun only has one gender that never changes. • a`martolo,j = sinner (masculine) • a`marti,a = sin (feminine) • Hints: • oj – usually masculine • on – usually neuter • h or a – usually feminine • Number – a noun is either singular or plural. This is identified through case endings: • avpo,stoloj = “apostle” • avpo,stoloi = “apostles”

43. The Form of Greek Nouns • Declension – this is the “pattern” of inflection that Greek nouns follow. There are three declensions: • First Declension – noun stem ends in a or h, usually feminine nouns. – grafh, • Second Declension – noun stem ends in o, usually masculine or neuter nouns. – avpo,stoloj, e;rgon • Third Declension – noun stem ends in a consonant.

44. Lexical form • The form of nouns found in lexicons is the nominative singular • ko,smon – ko,smoj • avga,phn – avga,ph

45. Paradigm chart

46. Paradigm chart

47. Paradigm chart

48. Hints • The masculine and feminine case endings are often the same. In the nominative and accusative, the neuter is usually distinct from the masculine. • In the neuter, the nominative and accusative singular are always the same, and the nominative and accusative plural are always the same.

49. Parsing • When parsing a noun, you need to give: • The case • The number • The gender • The lexical form • The inflected meaning • For example, lo,gouj is accusative plural masculine, from lo,goj, meaning “words.”

50. Noun Rules • Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the first declension, stems ending in omicron are in the second, and consonantal stems are in the third declension. • Every neuter word has the same form in the nominative and accusative. • Almost all neuter words end in alpha in the nominative and accusative plural.