Drill

1. Drill • What were 2 major issues that had divided the United States into northern and southern regions? • Why do you think some slave states joined the Union and some joined the Confederacy?

2. The Civil War Chapter 17 Pgs. 484-513

3. Photo Essay • You will create a photo essay with at least 10 photos • Let the photos you select “tell a story” • Download the pictures so you can put them on a small poster • Each picture must be cited • Write a caption for each picture • Use www.phschool.com. Code mfk-1000 • Click on Chapter 17 • Go to Online Activities • Go to Chapter Review & Assessment • Click on link for Civil War Era Photographs • Click Continue

4. Section 1: The Conflict Takes Shape Objectives • Explain the issues that divided the nation when the war began • Describe the primary strengths and weaknesses of the North and the South at the beginning of the war • Identify the leaders of each side in the war.

5. A Nation Divided • North & South both believed that their cause was just • South believed that they had the right to leave the Union • War for Southern Independence (perspective) • To keep their way of life • War of Northern Aggression (perspective) • North believed they had the right to save the Union • ***Abolishing slavery was NOT an official goal of the north!!!!! • Most northerners approved of slavery & were racist

6. Border States • Slave states still in Union had to decide which side to join • VA, NC, TN, AK  Confederacy • KY, MO, MD, DE  Union (border states) • MD critical because it bordered D.C. • Some citizens supported Confederacy • Pro-Confederate mob attacked Union troops in Baltimore • Lincoln declared martial law (rule by army)

7. Calling Volunteers • 75,000 volunteers were called by Lincoln to serve in the army • 90 day enlistment • No one, north and south, believed the war would be long • Both sides had strengths and weaknesses

8. South Weaknesses Economic Few factories & railroads Political Central gov’t had limited authority Small population 9 milllion 1/3 were slaves Strengths • Strong reason to fight • Defend homeland • Knew the land • Defensive war

9. North Weaknesses Offensive war Had to conquer large area Invading unfamiliar land Supply lines will be long & open to attack Strengths • Large population • Industry & Railroads • Navy

10. The Presidents Jefferson Davis West Point grad Secretary of War (Pierce) Honest/courageous Would have rather served in army than be president Did not like to turn over details of military planning to others Abraham Lincoln • Proved to be a patient, strong leader & fine war planner • Gained respect • Accepted criticism/humor

11. Military Leaders • Officers in South had a difficult decision… • Stay in the Union & fight against their home states or join Confederate forces… • Robert E. Lee (VA) Commander of Confederacy (video clip) • Many of the army’s best officers served in the Confederacy • Lincoln had a hard time finding capable generals

12. Quick Check S1 • 1. What were the goals of each side as the war began? • 2. Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of the North and South. (You may make a chart) • 3. Who were the leaders at the start of the Civil War?

13. Drill • Pg. 487 Chart Skills #1-2 • Pg. 491 Geography Skills #3

14. Section 2: No Easy Victory Objectives • Describe the strategies each side adopted to win the war • Explain how early encounters dispelled hopes for a quick end to the war • Identify the victories of the Confederates • List the victories of the Union

15. Reality of War… • “I never saw so many broken down and exhausted men in all my life. I was sick as a horse, and as wet with blood and sweat as I could be… Our tongues were parched and cracked for water, and our faces were blackened with powder and smoke.”

16. Union Plans • Use navy to blockade southern ports • Cut off South’s supply of manufactured goods • Seize Richmond • Confederate capital • Seize control of the Mississippi River • Prevent South from using river to supply troops • Separate AK, TX, LA from Confederacy

17. Confederate Plans • Fight a defensive war until North is tired of fighting • Hoped war would become unpopular in North & they would just recognize Southern independence • Depend on European money & supplies • Confident that European countries would recognize Confederacy as an independent nation

18. Battle of Bull Run • Lincoln ordered the attack on Richmond (only 100 miles away) • Troops quickly met up near Bull Run • Union forces broke up Confederate lines: “The war is over!”… but not quite • Confederates regrouped: “Look! There is Jackson standing like a stonewall! Rally behind the Virginians!” • Union troops panicked & retreated to D.C.: “Off they went across fields, towards woods, everywhere to escape.” • ***Showed both sides needed training & that this would not be a short war***

19. General George McClellan • Appointed Commander of the Union Army of the East (Army of the Potomac) • Superb organizer, but very cautious • Delayed leading troops into battle: “All quiet along the Potomac.” • National joke • Finally led troops into battle, but abandoned attack when troops could not be sent to help • Lincoln: “If General McClellan does not want to use the army, I would like to borrow it.”

20. Naval Action • Union ships blockaded southern ports • “blockade runners” • Blockade became more effective & stopped them • Confederates took over abandoned Union warship • Covered it with iron plates (Virginia) & destroyed 2 Union ships • Union created ironclad Monitor

21. Ironclads • Virginia & Monitor clashed off of Hampton Roads, VA • Exhausting battle • Neither side damaged the other • Changed naval warfare • South was never able to mount a serious attack against Union navy • Blockade held throughout war

22. Antietam (MD) • General Lee took offensive • Southern victory on northern soil would hurt northern morale • Problem: Union officer found a copy of Lee’s battle plans at a abandoned campsite • McClellan was slow to act, but attacked Lee’s main force at Antietam • Long battle • 23,000 killed or wounded

23. Antietam • Lee ordered troops to retreat back to VA • McClellan did not pursue • Neither side was able to claim victory, but northern morale increased because Lee withdrew forces • Lincoln was disappointed with McClellan • Fired him & appoints General Ambrose Burnside

24. Confederate Victories in East • Battle of Fredericksburg (p.495) • Lee’s army dug into the hillside (strong defensive position) • Confederate guns mowed down charging Union troops • Prevented Union troops from capturing Richmond • Battle of Chancellorsville • Lee & Jackson outmaneuvered Union forces • Thickly wooded ground • Union defeated in 3 days, but high cost • Lost Stonewall Jackson to friendly fire

25. Union Victories in West • General Ulysses S. Grant attacked & captured Fort Henry & Fort Donelson • Guarded important tributaries on the MS River (Union Strategy) • Battle of Shiloh • Confederates surprised Union troops & were pushed back • Grant had reinforcements & pushed back the Confederates • One of the bloodiest battles

26. Union Victories in the West • Union navy moved to gain control of MS River • Gunboats captured New Orleans • Ships seized Memphis • Union controlled both ends of the MS River • South could no longer use river as a supply line

27. Quick Check S2 • 1. What was the North’s plan for defeating the South? • 2. What was the South’s plan to defeat the North? • 3. What did both sides learn from the Battle of Bull Run? • 4. Why was the Confederate victory at Fredericksburg critical? • 5. How did Union victories at New Orleans , Shiloh and Memphis affect the South?

28. History & Geography • Most Civil War battles took place on open fields or in woods • New terrains for fighting at Fredericksburg • Rappahannock River • Union wanted to build floating pontoon bridges • Stopped due to heavy Confederate fire • Only continued after soldiers rowed across river • City • Union forced Confederates to withdraw temporarily • Union wasted time looting & destroying property • Allowed Confederates to rally forces & win

29. Homework Activity p.495 • Write a description of the Battle of Fredericksburg that explains how geography affected the outcome • 2 tasks • Describe battle • Explain effects of geography on battle • Use page 495 for help • Use good descriptive writing details that appeal to all 5 senses • Use words that signal cause-effect relationships: • Because, effect, cause, as a result, therefore

30. Drill • Analyze the meaning of this statement: • “The South could win the war by not losing, but the North could win only by winning.”

31. Section 3: A Promise of Freedom Objectives • Identify Lincoln’s primary goal in the war • Describe the effects of the Emancipation Proclamation • Explain African Americans’ contribution to the war effort both in the Union army & behind Confederate lines

32. Lincoln’s Goal • Restore the Union • “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.” • Lincoln was cautious with the slavery issue • 4 slave states remained in Union • Did not want to shift their loyalty since border states had valuable resources to help Union

33. Shifting War Goals • Motives & Timing of Emancipation Plan • 3 million slaves labored for Confederacy • Hoped emancipation would weaken Confederates ability to carry on war • Lincoln did not want to anger slave owners in Union • Lincoln waited for a Union victory to announce plan • Did not want Americans to think it was a desperate effort

34. Emancipation Proclamation • Enslaved African Americans living in the Confederacy would be freed • Slaves living in the border states would not be freed • Slaves would also not be freed in Confederate lands already captured by the Union

35. Impact of Proclamation • NO SLAVES ACTUALLY GAINED THEIR FREEDOM!!! • Rebelling states were not under Union control • Won sympathy of Europeans • Less likely that they would come to aid of South • Changed purpose of the war • Union troops were now fighting to end slavery & save the Union

36. African American Contributions • Thousands of free blacks volunteered to fight at the beginning of the war • Federal law did not allow it at first but the law was repealed in 1862 • Allowed both free African Americans and escaped slaves to enlist in Union army • All black units commanded by white officers • Received ½ pay • Only served as laborers at first • Non combat duties: building roads, guarding supplies

37. African American Contributions • African American soldiers protested discrimination • Eventually able to fight in major battles • 1864: War Department gave equal pay to all soldiers • 200,000 fought for Union • 40,000 lost their lives

38. 54th Massachusetts Regiment • Led an attack on Fort Wagner • Fought their way in to the fort under heavy fire before being forced to withdraw • ½ the regiment was killed • Showed courage & won respect for African American soldiers • “proved themselves among the bravest of the brave”

39. Behind Confederate Lines • Many slaves slowed down their work or refused to work at all • Hoped to weaken Confederate war effort • Crossed Union lines to freedom when they saw a Union army • ¼ of the South’s enslaved population had escaped to freedom

40. Quick Check S3 • 1. What were 2 effects of the Emancipation Proclamation? • 2. Who is the most famous African American unit that fought in the Civil War? • 3. Why was President Lincoln cautious about making the abolition of slavery a goal of the war? • 4. How did enslaved African Americans help to hurt the Confederate war effort?

41. Drill • In 1861 Frederick Douglass said, “This is no time to fight with one hand when both hands are needed. This is no time to fight with only your white hand, and allow your black hand to be tied!” • 1. What did Douglass mean by this statement? • 2. Did Congress agree with Douglass? Explain.

42. Section 4: Hardships of War Objectives • Describe what life was like for Confederate & Union soldiers • Explain what problems each side faced at home • Describe how the war affected the economy of the North and South • Explain the role women played in the war

43. Hard Life of Soldiers • Most soldiers were under 21 • Drilled & marched for long hours • Slept on ground in all types of weather • New technology & crude medical care added to horrors of war • Minie ball • Improved cannons • Amputations • Infections • Poor sanitary conditions (disease) • POWs (Andersonville)

44. Class work • P. 504 #7 • Even with improved technology of today, is war more deadly now or was war more deadly in the past? Explain.

45. Opposition in the North • Copperheads: northerners who opposed using force to keep South in Union • Others supported war, but not the way Lincoln conducted the war • Public support dwindled as the war carried on • Draft (1863) • All able-bodied men between 20-45 were called to serve in military • “a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight”

46. Riots in the Cities • Some northerners felt they were being forced to fight to end slavery • Also were worried about competition with free African American over job • New York City Riot (502) • Habeas corpus (right to be charged or have a hearing before being jailed) • 14,000 arrested, but most were never charged or brought to trial

47. Southern Problems • Struggled with creating a strong federal gov’t • Firmly believed in state’s rights • Did not want to pay taxes to a central gov’t • GA even threatened to secede from the Confederacy!! • Draft law • Exceptions made to those who owned 20 or more slaves • resentment • Desperation • Needed men to fill the ranks

48. Northern Economy • First income tax established to pay for the war • Internal Revenue Bureau • Union issued bonds • Did not raise enough & North printed $400 million in paper money • When $$$ supply increases, each dollar becomes worth less • Inflation (a rise in prices & a decrease in the value of $$$) • BUT, there were benefits • Farm production increased • Wartime demand sparked industry • Profiteers (charged excessive prices to goods gov’t needed)

49. Southern Economy • Income tax • Tax in kind (farmers required to turn over 1/10 of their crops to gov’t) • Wild inflation • One Confederate dollar = 2 cents in gold • Butter $15/lb • Cotton trade damaged • Davis stopped trade with Britain hoping to force Britain to side with Confederacy • Backfired Britain bought cotton from India/Egypt • Successfully cut South’s income • CW: p. 503 Geo. Skills #1-2

50. Northern Blockade • Created severe shortages in South • Soldiers & civilians had to wait weeks for food & supplies • South bought many weapons from Europe since they didn’t have many factories • Gov’t had to build factories since North cut off those deliveries • Plantations switched from growing cotton to raising grain and livestock