Disposal Strategies for CCA-Treated Wood August 13, 2003 National RCRA Conference Washington D.C.

1. Disposal Strategies for CCA-Treated WoodAugust 13, 2003National RCRA ConferenceWashington D.C.

2. Funding Received from Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Mngt. Florida Power and Light Sarasota County Florida Department of Environmental Protection Florida International University/NIEHS Rutgers University/NIEHS

3. Active Faculty Researchers Helena Solo-Gabriele, Ph.D., P.E., Assoc. Prof., Civil/Environ. Engrg Lora Fleming, M.D., Ph.D. Assoc. Prof., Epidemiology/Ph.D. Timothy Townsend, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof., Environ/Solid Waste Engrg Yong Cai, Ph.D. Assist. Prof., Chemistry

4. Students Supported on Project • Brian Messick • Tom Moskal • Jennifer Penha • Donna May Sakura • Catalina Santamaria • Ajay Seth • Tomoyuki Shibata • Jin-Kun Song • Kristin Stook • Sheena Szuri • Thabet Tolaymat • Lakmini Wadanambi • Sean Bennie • Kenneth Brown • Vandin Calitu • Zhangrong Chen • Brajesh Dubey • Tim Franklin • Kelvin Gary • Myron Georgiadis • Naila Hosein • Kendiro Iida • Gary Jacobi • Jenna Jambeck • Bernine Khan • Monika Kormienko

7. Untreated SYP CCA-Treated 0.25 pcf CCA-Treated 0.60 pcf CCA-Treated 2.5 pcf Structural Poles Saltwater Splash Saltwater Immersion Pole/Pilings Above Ground

8. Toxicity Fn of Speciation Background • CCA  Chromated Copper Arsenate • As toxic to humans, carcinogen Cr toxic to humans, carcinogen Cu toxic to aquatic organisms As(V) and As(III) toxic with As(III) more toxic Cr(VI) more toxic than Cr(III)

9. Regulatory Issues • CCA currently under-going reregistration • Industry issued a nation-wide phase out for CCA used in residential applications • Exempt at federal level from being classified as a hazardous waste during disposal

10. Original Motivation For Project Ash Disposal Problem

11. How Much CCA-Treated Wood is Disposed?

12. Disposal Model

13. How Much CCA-Treated Wood in Florida? (Preliminary)

14. 9 times around 216,000 miles of 2 x 4’s 100 yds x 50 yds x 2.7 miles Amount of CCA-Treated Wood To Be Discarded Statistics for the Year 2003 (Florida) • Cumulative Volume Imported = 660 million cubic feet • Volume in Service = 440 million cubic feet

15. How Much CCA-Treated Wood In Florida? (Preliminary)

16. Land Application CCA-WoodRemoved from Service C&D Debris Recycling Facilities Wood Fuel Facility Ash Processed Wood (6% CCA in 1996) MSW Landfill C&D Landfill

17. Background • Research conducted found CCA-treated wood in C&D waste piles • 6% in 1996 (12 C&D facilities) • 9 to 30% in 1999 (3 C&D facilities) • 22% in 2001 (1 C&D facility studied extensively)

18. Background U.S. Statistics for Southern Pine Production (From SFPA)

19. CCA-WoodRemoved from Service C&D Debris Recycling Facilities Wood Fuel Facility Ash Processed Wood (6% CCA in 1996) MSW Landfill C&D Landfill Land Application

20. Disposal Through Wood Ash Shred Ashing Industrial Furnace Grate Ash Catch Pan

21. Leaching of Wood Ash - Total Arsenic

22. Wood Ash • The presence of CCA-treated wood as 5% of the wood mix caused the ash to be characterized as hazardous.

23. Leaching of Wood Ash - Speciation As,SPLP

24. Leaching of Wood Ash – Speciation Cr,SPLP

25. Leaching of Wood Ash – Speciation Cr,SPLP

26. CCA-WoodRemoved from Service C&D Debris Recycling Facilities Wood Fuel Facility Ash Processed Wood (6% CCA in 1996) MSW Landfill C&D Landfill Land Application

28. Leaching of Mulch

29. Leaching of Mulch

30. Mulch • Must contain < 0.2 % CCA-treated wood in order to pass GWCTL

31. CCA-WoodRemoved from Service C&D Debris Recycling Facilities Wood Fuel Facility Ash Processed Wood (6% CCA in 1996) MSW Landfill C&D Landfill Land Application

32. TCLP Limit TCLP Results – Total

33. Leaching - Speciation

34. Possible Solutions • “Short–Term” Solution • Develop Strategies By Which to Better Manage CCA-Treated Wood • “Long-Term” Solution • Use Wood Treated With Non-Arsenical Preservatives

35. Long-term Solution Use Wood Treated With Non-Arsenical Preservatives

36. Alternative Chemicals Chemicals Considered Contain no arsenic Have been used commercially to some extent Standards provided by the AWPA Waterborne preservative

37. Phase I: Alternative Chemicals • AAC: Alkyl Ammonium Compound (a.k.a. DDAC) • ACC: Acid Copper Chromate • ACQ: Ammoniacal Copper Quat • Borates • CBA: Copper Boron Azole • CC: Ammoniacal Copper Citrate • CDDC: Copper Dimethydithiocarbamate Chemicals Initially Considered

38. General Comments About Remaining 4 Alternative Chemicals • Efficacy • Depletion/Leaching • Corrosion • Mechanical Properties • Costs Just as Effective for Standardized Products  Leach less As but more Cu Some require SS fasteners  Similar to CCA Cost 10 to 30% more

40. Synthetic Rainfall Leaching Tests

41. Less Toxic CCA ACQ CC CDDC CBA Toxicity Tests

42. “Short-term” Solution for the Disposal Problem Develop Sorting Technologies

43. Add a Wood Sorting Step 99.9% Untreated Wood CCA-Treated Wood CCA-WoodRemoved from Service C&D Debris Recycling Facilities Wood Fuel Facility Ash Processed Wood (6% CCA in 1996) MSW Landfill C&D Landfill Land Application

44. Objective • Construct and Operate an On-Line System for Sorting Treated From Untreated Wood

45. Most of the time, the identification of CCA-treated wood is difficult, especially for wood from demolition.

46. Sorting Technologies • Low Capital Cost, Labor Intensive • Chemical stains Untreated Treated

47. Sorting Technologies • Suitable for On-Line System, High Capital Costs • X-ray Technology (XRF) • Laser Technology (LIBS)

48. DETECTORS laser x-ray

49. Laser configuration Laser To PC

50. Plasma Caused By Laser Wood