Introduction to the Internet: Evolution, History, and Characteristics

1. Internet

2. Introduction Of Internet • The Internet has been in a state of continuous evolution and sometimes revolution since late 1960’s • Internet ,are a “Large Computer Network” or “Network Of Networks”,”an instantaneous and global messaging system”.

3. It has grown into an important infrastructure supporting an increasingly widespread ,multi-disciplinary community. • This community now consists of students,scientists ,and researchers, large corporations, organizations, government agencies and individual consumers. • Thus the Internet is a network of thousands of computer networks.

4. Every network and every computer in these networks exchange information according to certain rules called protocols. • These different computers and different networks are united with the common thread of two protocols ,I.e. Internet Protocol(IP), and Transmission Control Protocol(TCP).

5. History Of the Internet • The Internet started as a US government project in the year 1960’s called the ARPANET(After the Advanced Research Projects Agency). • The ARPANET reached universities, research laboratories and some military labs.

6. In the late 1980’s, the National Science Foundation of U.S . Funded the development of a network.named NSFNET to connect super computers centers in the United States. • There were more than 10,000 sites in 1987 and more than 100,000 in 1989. • This large world wide collections of networks and computer systems communicating according to the same protocols has come to be hat is called the Internet.

7. In 1990 the public network in the U.S. was turned over to NSFNET. • In 1993 the NSF created the InterNIC to provide Internet services. • The backbone of the Internet is made up of very high speed communications links owned by companies like At&T,VSNL in India. • Connections are made by Internet Service Provides(ISP’s) who then tell sell access to individuals or commercial organizations.

8. Characteristics Of The Internet • A Complex Network:- With the simplified definition as a “Network of Networks” that comprises over 150 million computers. 2. Disorganized:- The Internet can be cumbersome and confusing ,even for experienced users.

9. 3. A Decentralized System:-Millions of individual networks and over 140 million individual computers connected throughout the world. 4.Composed of billions files:- Files pertaining(relevant) to thousands of subjects,disciplines(regulations or order) and professions are available in different file format.

10. 5.Widely Used:- More then 147 million people use the internet over 40 million of whom use it daily. 6.International in Scope:- This global network is accessed by people in approximately 140 countries;people in over 155 countries use internet for Electronic mail purpose.

11. 7.Dynamic:- Changing every minute of every day .On an average , a new network is connected to the Internet every 30 minutes. 8.Expanding Exponentially:- The Internet is growing at the rate of 12% per month.

12. Anatomy Of Internet • Anatomy refers to the study of structure. • Internet brings many computers together through the communication media and and protocols. • It also enable the computers to communicate with one another.

13. A study of the Internet outlines the following major components of the structure: • Internet Services • Elements Of The Internet • URL • Internet Protocol

14. Assignment • What are the different Internet Services?

15. Internet Services • The Internet is combinations of many networks and a large number of databases and other services. • Most of the services can be accessed by using a Web Browser. • The major services offered on the Internet are:

16. E-mail:- Electronic Mail • Mailing lists:- Mailing lists are a group based messaging service. • FTP:- An Internet service designed for transferring files among computers. • Newsgroup:- Usenet is public messaging and “Bulletin board” system. • WWW:-This service features user-friendly publishing and multimedia documents and files. Web pages are created using HTML,JavaScript, and Java.

17. Elements Of The Internet • A simplified hierarchical model of the Internet includes client Pc’s,server computers and networks(composed of clients and servers). • Client:- These are the computers that request information from servers.I f our personal computer has access to the Internet,it is categorized as a client computer.

18. Server- These are relatively powerful computers with a full –time Internet connection and can provide data to multiple client computers simultaneously. • Networks- These are composed of one or more server computers and multiple client PC’s • Nodes-”Node” is a generic term used to describe a client , server,or networks.

19. URL • Uniform Resource Locators or URL’s , are the unique addresses of Internet resources. • A URL is divided into 4 parts : 1. Transfer Protocol 2. Server Name 3. Directory Path 4. File Name • http/www.yahoo.com/html/appendix.html

20. Internet Protocol • IP is a method by which data is sent from one computer to another over the network . • Each computer which is connected to the Internet has at least one IP address which uniquely identifies this computer from other computers.

21. Internet Application

22. Commerce On the Internet • The ability to compose ,send and receive electronic mail is extremely helpful in doing business on the Internet. • Electronic mail eliminates most of the problems and delays of getting a physical document from one person to another which is essential for doing business.

23. Another method of doing business on the Internet is setting up a Web Site where we display all our products ,services and any other facilities. • Presently we can book air ticket , railway reservation and purchases through our credit card over the Internet. • Online shopping is possible on the Internet these days.By selling items on the Internet ,companies save money on hiring shop workers.

24. Governance On The Internet • Internet is being used for holding meeting with District Magistrates and other people in authority. • In the field of Education , the results of various examinations are shown on the Web sites of the Universities and Board of education.

25. Chief Executing Officers these days holds video conference over the Internet for their junior officers.This is a method where they talk face to face using video cameras and Internet Facility.This is called NetMeeting. • Several Financial and other types of Reports of companies. • Online Registration

26. Impact Of Internet On Society • Communication • Knowledge • Working From Home • Freedom Of Speech • Business Exandation

27. Negative Impact • Illegal material shown on Web Sites • Viruses • Computerized fund • Disgusting E-mail • Crime

28. Introduction Of Email • E-mail is a method of sending messages,voice,video and graphics over digital communication link such as the Internet anywhere in the world at very cost effective rate. • Technically , email is a type of client/server application that provides a routed,stored message service between any 2 email accounts.

29. The backbone of an electronic mail system is a communications network that connects remote terminals to a central system or a local area network that interconnects personal computers.

30. How E-mail works on the Internet? • E-mail is the most heavily used feature of the Internet. • We can use it to send messages to anyone who is connected to the Internet. • E-mail messages are sent in the same way as most Internet data.

31. The TCP protocol break your messages into packets,the IP protocols delivers the packets to the proper location, and then TCP reassembles the message on the receiving end so that it can be read. • We can also attach binary files,such as pictures,videos,sound and executable files to our e-mail messages.

32. Because the Internet is not able to directly handle binary files in e-mail,the file first must be encoded in one of a variety of encoding schemes.

33. Structure Of E-mail Message • An e-mail message is made up of binary data,usually in the ASCII text format. • ASCII code describes the characters we see on our computer screen. • We can attach pictures ,executable programs,sounds,videos, and other binary files to our email message.

34. There are 5 sections of an E-mail Message: • E-Mail address • Header • Body • Signature(optional) • Attachments(optional)

35. E-Mail Addressing System • It is important to understand and follow the email addressing scheme for the Internet to ensure proper delivery of all outgoing messages. • An email address is composed of 2 separate parts.

36. 1. Our personal identity or account name on that mail server • 2.The domain name of the mail server computer on which we have an e-mail account. • Example:---- tamanna@rediffmail.com

37. Header • The header of email message is the upper-most section. • It displays information regarding the status of the messages. • A header records message information and provides it to the recipients(s) of the message.

38. Headers are present in both outgoing (sent )and incoming (received)messages. • To : E-mail address/addresses of primary recipients(). • Cc: E-mail address/addresses of secondary recipient(s) to whom copy needs to be sent. • Bcc: E-mail address/addresses of secondary recipient(s) to whom copy needs to be sent but the primary recipient should not know about the dispatch of mail to these addresses. • From: The originator or the creator of the e-mail. • Sender : E-mail address of the actual sender.

39. The header shows information such as: • Time and date of a message • Subject of a message • Whether carbon copies were sent. • Whether files are attached to the message • The e-mail address of the sender

40. Body • This body of e-mail message is the primary focus because it contains the actual message. • Many Internet Service Providers do limit the size of an E-mail message.

41. Date : Date and Time the message was sent. • Reply-To: Email address to which replies should be sent. • Subject:- A summary of the message for the online display.

42. Attachments • E-mail has become all the more attractive to business because now it allows users to attach a file to any e-mail message. • Any file format-such as word processing documents, spreadsheets, images or video files can be attached to an e-mail message. • E-mail allows complex data as attachments but not in the body.

43. E-mail messages cannot contain viruses,but they can still be sent through attachments. • Therefore, we should scan all email attachments with a virus detection and eradication software program . • It Is optional.

44. Signature • The signature for an e-mail message is the personal information which automatically appears at the bottom of the outgoing message. • Use of signature is optional. • We can provide any signature information we wish.

45. The purpose of a signature (also called a signature block,signature file)is to provide a message recipient with personal contact information. • By utilizing the signature feature of the e-mail software , we can avoid typing information for each outgoing message.

46. Information in a signature block may include the following: • Full name • Job title • Organization name and division • Phone and fax numbers • Physical address • E-mail address • Web site address(URL)

48. World Wide Web

49. What is w.w.w • The world wide web or the “web”,is an internet –based global information system that makes multimedia information available from over 4 million computers around the world. • The web offers video, interactive multimedia and live audio, in addition to more basic data types, such as text documents and photographs.

50. Evolution Of World Wide Web • World Wide Web (www)is a huge collection of hypertext pages on the internet. • The concept of WWW was developed in Switzerland at the European particle Research Center in the year 1989. • In the year 1993, the first Graphical interface software package called Mosaic was released.