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Water Security

Water Security. Six Unique Properties of H 2 O. hydrogen protoxide, dihydrogen oxide High boiling point High heat of vaporization High heat capacity Superior solvent High surface tension Expands when freezes. Hydrologic Cycle. The Hydrologic Cycle. Water on Earth. Water Budget.

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Water Security

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  1. Water Security

  2. Six Unique Properties of H2O hydrogen protoxide, dihydrogen oxide • High boiling point • High heat of vaporization • High heat capacity • Superior solvent • High surface tension • Expands when freezes

  3. Hydrologic Cycle

  4. The Hydrologic Cycle

  5. Water on Earth

  6. Water Budget • Water budget: relationship between evaporation, condensation, and storage of water within the Earth system

  7. Surface Water • Watershed basins • Dams & Reservoirs • Floods • Runoff

  8. Groundwater • Confined and unconfined aquifers • Aquiclude • Water table • Spring

  9. Water Availability

  10. Precipitation Variability

  11. Drought vs. Deficit

  12. Uses of Water • Withdrawal • Consumptive vs. non-consumptive uses • Instream use • Water Use sectors • Agriculture (60% consumption) • Rural domestic use (59%) • Municipal and Commercial (29%) • Industry (13%) • Power plant cooling

  13. Water Supply Management • Supply Enhancement • Storage (dams, impounds) • Advantages and disadvantages of impoundments • Inter-basin transfer • Cloud seeding • Groundwater mining • Intrusion, Subsidence, Surface water depletion • Harvesting (forests, icebergs) • Wastewater reclamation • Desalinization

  14. Water Demand Management • Pricing • Metering • Pressure reduction • Restrictions • Gray water • Irrigation technologies

  15. Water Pollution • Human additions of undesirable substances to the environment • Quantity = f( quality) • Point source • Sewers • Industrial outfall • Non-point source • Soil erosion • Air pollution fallout • Surface runoff • Groundwater pollution

  16. Major Forms of Pollutants • Organisms • Organic Matter • Inorganic Particulates • Organic Chemicals • Radioactivity • Thermal Pollution

  17. Organisms • Bacteria, viruses, parasites • 25,000 deaths per day in LDCs • coliform bacteria • guardia lamblia • cryptospiridium • schistosomiasis

  18. Organic Matter • Surface runoff, industries, sewage • Oxygen-demanding wastes • Biological oxygen demand

  19. Inorganic Particulates • Sediments = >50% • Turbine, pump damage • Reservoir filling • Flooding • Fisheries damage • Beach erosion • Sediments carry attached pollutants

  20. Inorganic Particulates • Chemicals from industries, mines, farms, urban runoff • Salts • Calcium carbonate- hard water • Acids • Toxic metals • Chromium • Selenium • Mercury

  21. Inorganic Particulates • Nutrients • Phosphorus (phosphate) • Nitrogen (nitrate, ammonia) • Methemoglobinemia • Eutrophication (vs. oligotrophic) • Cultural eutrophication- red tides from human sewage wastes • Red tides • Algae blooms

  22. Organic Chemicals • Oil and gas • Underground storage tanks • Plastics, detergents, solvents • Trihalomethane (chloroform) • Synthetic organic chemicals • Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

  23. Radioactivity • Mining • Fallout • Nuclear plants

  24. Thermal Pollution • Power plants • Industries

  25. Degradation • Dilution is the Solution to Pollution • Biochemical decay • Sedimentation and accumulation

  26. Effects of Water Pollution • Bacteria • typhoid fever, cholera, bacterial dysentery, enteritis • Viruses • infections hepatitis, polio • Parasitic protozoa • amoebic dysentery, giardia • Parasitic worms • schistosomiasis

  27. Groundwater Pollution • Sources • Direct injection wells • Leachate • Underground storage tanks • Landfills • Septic tanks • Agriculture • Surface impoundments • Abandoned waste sites • Road salting • Land application of sludge • Mining activities

  28. Ocean Pollution • Sewage • Oil and gas • Plastic (fishing gear) • Lost nets

  29. Treatment Methods • Primary- removal of solids • Secondary- activated bacteria & oxygen • Tertiary- charcoal, sand filters, ozone, chlorine • Clean Water Acts (1972, 1977, 1985) • Safe Drinking Water Act (1986)

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