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Exploring the Foundations and Expansion of Islam (610-1250 CE)

This agenda focuses on key developments in Islamic history from 610 to 1250 CE. Students will analyze significant events such as Muhammad's life, the rise of the Caliphate, and the expansion of the Arab Empire. Key themes include the five pillars of Islam, the influence of Islamic culture on science and philosophy, and the role of trade in connecting diverse regions. Engage with primary texts, maps, and timelines as we uncover the transformative impact of Islam on the Arabian Peninsula and beyond.

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Exploring the Foundations and Expansion of Islam (610-1250 CE)

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  1. World History Mr. Paulson Tuesday Sep. 14, 2010

  2. Daily Agenda • Spark # 16 • Pass back yesterday • Notes overview-2 C sheet • Map

  3. Spark #16 • 1. Using the timeline on p. 86-87 and 89 answer the following: • What happened in 610 c.e? • What happened in 635 c.e.? • Who came to power in 661 ce? In 750 ce? In 1250 ce? • What happened in 852 c.e.? Where? • 2. What are the 5 major beliefs of Islam? • 3. Read the quote on p. 89 • What did the write know by age 16?

  4. Key Objectives: Be on the lookout for these!!! • Main Ideas: • Religion of Islam: Arabian peninsula, early 600s • Muhammad’s successors and expansion • Extensive trade network and big $$$ • Key Terms: Islam, Hijrah, Caliph, Sultan, astrolabe, mosque • Key People: Muhammad, Abu Bakr, IbnSina • Key Places: Arabian Peninsula, Mecca (Makkah), Medinah (Madinah), Damascus, Baghdad

  5. Arabian Peninsula

  6. Kaaba in Mecca

  7. Great Mosque in Samarra

  8. The Arabs • Lived on the Arabian Peninsula • Were “nomads” • Moved to find food and water • Populated desert after domesticating the camel • Made towns on trade routes in desert • Trace ancestors to Abraham and son Ishmael-Mecca and the Kaaba • Recognized Allah and tribal gods

  9. Camels and early trade towns

  10. The Life of Muhammed • Born: Mecca - son in a merchant family • Caravan manager • Received revelations from God (Rammadan) • Quran (Koran) • “Islam” – “peace through submission to the will of Allah” • Those who practice called Muslims • Religious AND political leader • Hijrah-pilgrimage to Medina in 622 c.e.

  11. Muhammad and the Koran

  12. The Teachings of Muhammed • Monotheistic • Emphasize salvation and hope of after-life • Muhammad as: messenger, prophet, man • Stress need to obey Allah • 5 pillars are the key • 1. Prayer 5 x /day 2. Charity 3. Fasting-Ramadan 4. Pilgrimage-Hajj 5. Belief-declaration

  13. Muslim prayer 5 x / Day

  14. Creation of an Arab Empire • Muhammad dies-does not name successor • Father-in-law, Abu Bakr becomes “Caliph”-successor • Expand across Arabia and beyond – • Large army-warriors believed death in battle secured place in paradise-afterlife • Defeated Byzantine army at Yarmuk 636 • Again, no clear successor • P. 91

  15. Expansion

  16. Successors of the Arab Empire • Umayyads • Abbasid Dynasty • The Seljuk Turks • The Mongols

  17. Successors of the Arab Empire • Umayyads • 661 Mu’awiyah (governor of Syria) becomes Caliph • Makes Caliphate hereditary-this is “dynasty” • Moved capital of empire from Medinah to Damascus, Syria • Won victories and expanded in North Africa and Spain • By 725 Spain is muslim • Expansion halted in Tours (France) and Constantinople (Turkey)

  18. Successors of the Arab Empire • The Abbasid Dynasty • 750 Abu al-Abbas – descendant of Muhammad’s uncle • Overthrows Umayyads-sets up Abbasid dynasty • In power until 1258 • Built new capital in Baghdad on Tigris River (on caravan route from Med to Asia • Huge, wealthy trade empire • Asia, Africa, and Europe • Factions-splintering empire-Fatimids in Cairo, Egypt

  19. Successors of the Arab Empire • The Seljuk Turks • Fatimid Dynasty in Cairo, Egypt becomes center of Islamic empire (973a.d.) • Seljuks hired by Fatimids to serve in army • Abbasids weaken, Seljusturks strengthen • 1055ad Turkish leader captures Baghdad • Calls himself- “Sultan”-”holder of power” • Abbasid caliph still in religious power, but Seljuks held real military and political power

  20. Successors of the Arab Empire • The Mongols • Pastoral people- farmers • Gobi desert 13th century • Ghengis Khan-north China spread across Asia • Mongols conquer Persia and Mesopotamia-destroy Baghdad in 1258 • Eventually converted to Islam • Splintering again-empire fades • Cairo, Egypt center of Islamic civilization

  21. Economy and Social Structure • Various rulers but always lots of trade • Crossroads between Europe, Africa, and Asia (the East) • Chnia, Byzantines, North African Kingdoms, India, Southeast Asia • Ship, camel caravans • Slaves, gold, ivory from Africa, Silk from China, Spices from Southeast Asia • Baghdad, Cairo

  22. The Brilliance of Islamic Culture • Philosophy and Science • Greek philosophers translated into Arabic • Plato and Socrates • Long before Europe catches on • Helped by invention of paper – China- 8th century • Ibn-Rushd-commentaries on Plato • Mathematics, Natural Sciences, numerical system of India-use of “0” • Astronomy-Baghdad observatory • Knew earth was round, named many stars • Perfected astrolabe-navigational instrument • Enabled sailors to determine location based on stars and planets-Euros to America!!!

  23. The Brilliance of Islamic Culture • Art and Architecture • Art is blend of Arab, Turkish, and Persian styles • Best art found in Mosques • Mosque of Samarra -848-852 in Baghdad covers 10 acres • Minaret-tower, crier calls muslims to prayer

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